IEC-TR-61400-24-2002.pdf
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1、TECHNICAL REPORT IEC TR 61400-24 First edition 2002-07 Wind turbine generator systems Part 24: Lightning protection Reference number IEC/TR 61400-24:2002(E) Publication numbering As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is n
2、ow referred to as IEC 60034-1. Consolidated editions The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. For example, edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating
3、amendments 1 and 2. Further information on IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalo
4、gue of publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda. Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list of publications issued, is also available from t
5、he following: IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch) Catalogue of IEC publications The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/catlg-e.htm) enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches, technical committees and date of publication. On-line information is also available on rece
6、ntly issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as corrigenda. IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/JP.htm) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information. Customer Service Centr
7、e If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserviec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 -,-,- TECHNICAL REPORT IEC TR 61400-24 First edition 2002-07 Wind turbine generator systems Part 24: Lightn
8、ing protection PRICE CODE IEC 2002 Copyright - all rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical C
9、ommission, 3, rue de Varemb, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch V For price, see current catalogue Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Commission -,-,- 2 TR 61400-
10、24 IEC:2002(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 INTRODUCTION 7 1Scope 8 2Definitions . 8 3Lightning and wind turbines 12 3.1The properties of lightning .12 3.2Lightning discharge formation and electrical parameters12 3.3Cloud-to-ground flashes.13 3.4Upward initiated flashes.17 3.5Lightning protection of wind tur
11、bines the generic problem.19 3.6Existing IEC standards and technical reports dealing with lightning protection.20 4Damage statistics .21 4.1Data on wind turbine lightning damage 21 4.2Damage statistics 21 4.3Database merits and weaknesses27 4.4Conclusions and recommendations28 5Evaluation of the ris
12、k of lightning damage to a wind turbine 29 5.1Introduction .29 5.2Assessing the lightning flash frequency to a wind turbine.29 5.3Use of IEC 61024-1-1 30 5.4Use of IEC 61662 32 5.5Analysis of blade lightning protection system costs34 5.6Analysis of lightning protection costs for wind turbine control
13、 systems.35 6Lightning protection of wind turbine blades .36 6.1Blade structure 36 6.2Blade damage mechanism.38 6.3Lightning protection for wind turbine blades.38 6.4Interception efficiency40 6.5Sizing of materials .41 6.6Blade to hub connection 43 6.7Carbon reinforced plastic (CRP) 43 6.8Wiring ins
14、ide blades 43 7Protection of bearings and gearbox.44 7.1Damage to bearings due to AC and DC currents44 7.2Damage to bearings due to lightning currents 44 7.3Laboratory investigations.44 7.4Lightning damage to gearbox.45 7.5Lightning protection of bearings and gearbox elements45 8Protection of electr
15、ical and control system46 8.1Introduction .46 8.2Configuration of electrical equipment.46 8.3Lightning protection zones.50 8.4Surge coupling mechanisms 52 8.5Bonding and shielding .53 -,-,- TR 61400-24 IEC:2002(E) 3 8.6Surge protection 56 8.7Summary.58 9Earthing58 9.1Lightning protection system eart
16、h termination for a single wind turbine58 9.2Lightning protection system earth terminations in a wind farm .60 10Personnel safety.61 10.1 General .61 11Conclusions and recommendations for further work 62 Annex A Typical lightning damage questionnaire64 Bibliography66 Figure 1 Processes involved in t
17、he formation of a cloud-to-ground flash 414 Figure 2 Typical profile of a negative cloud-to-ground flash (not to scale) 15 Figure 3 Typical profiles of negative cloud-to-ground flashes (not to scale) 16 Figure 4 Typical profile of a positive cloud-to-ground flash .17 Figure 5 Typical profile of a ne
18、gative upward-initiated flash17 Figure 6 Different profiles of negative upward initiated flashes (not to scale)18 Figure 7 Faults by component (Germany).23 Figure 8 Faults by component (Denmark).23 Figure 9 Faults by component (Germany).24 Figure 10 Faults by component (Denmark).24 Figure 11 Repair
19、costs by component and size (Germany).25 Figure 12 Average down time by component and size (Germany).25 Figure 13 Annual variation in lightning activity and damage (Denmark) 26 Figure 14 Faults caused by lightning (Denmark 1990-1998) .26 Figure 15 Lightning damage events (Germany 1991-1998).27 Figur
20、e 16 Equivalent collection area of the wind turbine.30 Figure 17 Types of wind turbine blades 37 Figure 18 Lightning protection for large modern wind turbine blades 39 Figure 19 Alternative current path to reduce lightning current.46 Figure 20 Principle configuration of electrical equipment in a gri
21、d-connected wind turbine 47 Figure 21 Principle control system configuration.49 Figure 22 Rolling sphere model50 Figure 23 Example of the division of the interior of a wind turbine into protection zones51 Figure 24 Differential and common mode coupling .53 Figure 25 Two control cabinets located on d
22、ifferent metallic planes inside a nacelle 54 Figure 26 Magnetic coupling mechanism55 Figure 27 Example design of a combination type SPD57 Figure 28 Typical wind turbine earthing arrangement .59 -,-,- 4 TR 61400-24 IEC:2002(E) Table 1 Cloud-to-ground lightning current parameters15 Table 2 Upward init
23、iated lightning current parameters 18 Table 3 Standards and technical reports issued by IEC (Mid 2001) 20 Table 4 IEC TC 81 work in progress (Mid 2001) .21 Table 5 Lightning damage frequency22 Table 6 Regional effect on lightning damage (Germany) 22 Table 7 Lightning fault summary (Sweden).23 Table
24、8 Energy and availability loss compared to other faults.26 Table 9 Lightning protection system levels .31 Table 10 Maximum values of lightning parameters corresponding to protection levels32 Table 11 Minimum dimensions of lightning protection system materials41 Table 12 Proposed minimum dimensions f
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