IEEE-C57.147-2008.pdf
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1、IEEE Std C57.147-2008 IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Ester Fluids in Transformers IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 11 July 2008 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtai
2、ned through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 08/04/2008 03:17:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
3、rom IHS -,-,- iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.147-2008, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Ester Fluids in Transformers. This guide was prepared by the Insulating Fluids Subcommittee of the Transformers Committ
4、ee of the IEEE Power Non-Transportation-Related Onshore and Offshore Facilities (Final Rule).6 IEEE Std 62, IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power ApparatusPart 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors.7, 8 IEEE Std 637-1985 (Reaff 2007), IEEE Guide for the Recla
5、mation of Insulating Oil and Criteria for Its Use. IEEE Std 980, IEEE Guide for Containment and Control of Oil Spills in Substations. IEEE Std C57.104-1991, IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers.9 NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC).10 Official Methods
6、 and Recommended Practices of the AOCS, American Oil Chemists Society.11 6 CFR publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082, USA (http:/www.access.gpo.gov/). 7 IEEE publications are available from the Inst
7、itute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 8 The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. 9 IEEE Std C57.104-1991 has been
8、withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, USA, tel. (303) 792-2181 (http:/ 10 The NEC is published by the National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, USA (http:/www.nfpa.org/). Copies are also a
9、vailable from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 11 AOCS publications are available from The American Oil Chemists Society, 2710 S. Boulder, Urbana, IL 61802-6996, USA (http:/www.aocs.org). Copyright The Instit
10、ute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 08/04/2008 03:17:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std C57.147-2008 IEEE Guide for Acceptance an
11、d Maintenance of Natural Ester Fluids in Transformers 5 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3. Acronyms and abbreviations CFR Code of Federal Regulations cSt centistokes, units of measurement for kinematic viscosity DGA dissolved gas analysis EPA Environmental Protection Agency HMWH high molec
12、ular weight hydrocarbon MSDS material safety data sheet NEC National Electrical Code PCB polychlorinated biphenyl SIC specific inductive capacity 4. Fluid tests and the significance of each test 4.1 General Many established ASTM tests of practical significance can be applied to insulating fluids. Th
13、e list of tests (see Table 1) and the significance of each test (see 4.3 through 4.18) are offered for classification purposes. (See Clause 2 for ASTM standards referenced in this clause.) Table 1 Insulating fluid tests suitable for natural ester-based dielectric fluids Significance (subclause) Test
14、 ASTM method number 4.2 Practices for sampling D923, D3305 4.3 Neutralization number D664, D974 4.4 Dielectric breakdown voltage D1816 4.5 Dielectric breakdown voltage, impulse conditions D3300 4.6 AC loss characteristicsdissipation factor and relative permittivity D924 4.7 Interfacial tension D971
15、4.8 Color D1500 4.9 Kinematic viscosity D445 4.10 Flash point and fire pointCleveland Open Cup Method D92 4.11 Relative density (specific gravity) D1298 4.12 Pour point D97 4.13 Volume resistivity (specific resistance) D1169 4.14 Gas analysis D2945, D3284, D3612 4.15 Oxidation stability TBD 4.16 Wat
16、er contentKarl Fischer Method a D1533 4.17 Visual examination field test (and color) D1500, D1524 4.18 Gassing of insulating oils under electrical stress and ionization D2300 4.19 Corrosive sulfur test D1275 4.20 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) D4059 a Alternate reagents as listed in ASTM D1533. Co
17、pyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Japan, IHS Not for Resale, 08/04/2008 03:17:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std C57.147-2008 IEEE Guide
18、 for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Ester Fluids in Transformers 6 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 4.2 Practices for sampling (ASTM D923 and ASTM D3305) ASTM sampling practices are as follows: Practices for sampling electrical insulating fluids (ASTM D923) Practice for sampling smal
19、l gas volume in a transformer (ASTM D3305) Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only part thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Careless sampling procedures or contamination in the sampling equipment will result in
20、a sample that is not truly representative, leading to erroneous conclusions concerning quality. The appropriate procedures and precautions outlined in ASTM D923 should be followed. 4.3 Acid number (ASTM D664 and ASTM D974) The acid (neutralization) number for service-aged fluids is, in general, a me
21、asure of the acidic constituents of the fluid. It may be useful, if compared to the value for the new product, to detect contamination by substances with which the fluid has been in contact. It may also reveal a tendency toward chemical change or deterioration or to indicate chemical changes in addi
22、tives. Natural ester fluids have naturally higher acid numbers than hydrocarbon-based fluids, even when new. The acid number may be used as a general guide for determining when oil should be replaced or reclaimed, provided suitable rejection limits have been established and confirmation is received
23、from other tests. ASTM D664 is the preferred method when testing dielectric fluids that have become discolored, because it uses a potentiometric endpoint rather than a colorimetric endpoint used in ASTM D974. Although the acid number indicates relative acid content, the cited methods do not indicate
24、 the chemical activity of the acids. Long-chain fatty acids produced by natural ester fluids are less reactive than short- chain organic acids produced by mineral oils. 4.4 Dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D1816) The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating fluid is of importance as a measure
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