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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6100-2.2.3: 1990 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Glossary of Building and civil engineering terms Part 2: Civil engineering Section 2.2 Substructures. Earthworks. Foundations. Tunnels Subsection 2.2.3 Tunnels Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00
2、 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes in
3、to effect on 31 December 1990 BSI 07-1999 The committees responsible for this British Standard are shown in Part 0. The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference BDB/3 Draft for comment 89/11523 DC ISBN 0 580 19030 7 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No
4、.Date of issueComments 7251August 1992Indicated by a sideline in the margin Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 BSI 07-1999i Contents Page Forewordii 223 1Tunnels and components1 223 2Design and geometry2 223 3
5、Operations2 223 4Temporary supports and structures4 223 5Plant and equipment5 Index10 Figure 1 Horse head7 Figure 2 Prince of Wales feathers9 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 ii BSI 07-1999 Foreword This Sub
6、section of Part 2 of BS 6100 has been prepared under the direction of the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Policy Committee. This Subsection covers that branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning, design and construction of tunn
7、els. As far as possible the definitions in this Subsection of BS 6100 are technically equivalent to those in BS 6164 “Code of practice for safety in tunnelling in the construction industry”. However, it has been necessary to change some terms and definitions to ensure that they are acceptable for ge
8、neral use and are in accordance with current practice. The need for consistency throughout the glossary has also involved changes in style and format to terms and definitions included in other existing British Standards. The general introduction to and explanation of this glossary is given in Part 0
9、 of BS 6100 which itemizes the Parts and Sections into which this glossary is divided and provides a general alphabetical index of all the terms in the Sections and Subsections already published. Those using individual Sections of this glossary are urged to consult Part 0 when doing so. The other Se
10、ctions of this Part are as follows. 2.1 Structural design and elements 2.3 Superstructures. Bridges. Large span structures 2.4 Highway and railway engineering 2.5 Hydraulic engineering and construction work 2.6 Natural waters. Inland. Coastal. Marine 2.7 Public health. Environmental engineering 2.8
11、Pipelines. Ducts The other Subsections of this Section are as follows. 2.2.1 Earthworks 2.2.2 Substructures and foundations Terms are listed alphabetically in the index and are referred to by numbers which are found against the term in the body of the Subsection. They are arranged in a classified or
12、der, each term having an individual number consisting of seven digits in two parts, the first of three digits, the second of four. The first three digits represent the number of the Part, Section and Subsection. The fourth digit represents the group of terms, the fifth digit represents the subgroup
13、of terms (in this case, the fifth digit is 0 as there is no subdivision into subgroups) and the last two digits represent the place within the subgroup. Alternative terms are given (in medium type) below the preferred term with their status indicated, e.g. “deprecated”. These terms are not individua
14、lly numbered, but are included in the index with a reference to the preferred term. Terms of more than one word, e.g. “pilot tunnel” are written in a direct style, not as “tunnel, pilot”. The inverted term is included in the index with a reference to the direct term. It is to be noted that, while th
15、is Subsection deals with the more basic terms connected with civil engineering, many of the head terms relating to more specific aspects will occur only in the other, relevant Sections. Conversely it has been considered necessary to repeat in this Subsection certain terms from Section 1.0 “General”.
16、 Where this occurs, the definitions of such terms are preceded by an asterisk (*). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 BSI 07-1999iii Italicized words in definitions indicate terms that are defined elsewhere in
17、 this Subsection. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This d
18、ocument comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 11 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun she
19、ffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 BSI 07-19991 223 1 Tunnels and components No.TermDefinition 223 1001tunnelHorizontal or
20、sloping underground enclosed way of some length. 223 1002aditTunnel driven from ground surface to provide access to or drainage from underground workings. 223 1003pilot tunnelTunnel, driven ahead of, on the line of and of smaller cross section than a main tunnel, to facilitate first stage excavation
21、, ground exploration, ground treatment, drainage, surveying or ventilation. 223 1004immersed tube tunnelTunnel assembled under water from performed structural units, usually floated into position, and sunk onto prepated foundations. 223 1005driftAdit that slopes downwards from its entrance. 223 1006
22、headingTunnel that has a small cross section. 223 1007box headingHeading in which the ground is supported, usually by timber, at its top, sides and across the floor. 223 1008poled heading piled heading deprecated Heading in poor ground where full support is given to the ground using timber boards or
23、 steel sheets driven ahead of the tunnel face. 223 1009shaftVertical or steeply inclined excavation usually of limited cross section in relation to its depth. 223 1010stopeShaft excavated upwards in rock. 223 1011tunnel eyeProvision inside tunnel or shaft wall for a connecting tunnel. 223 1012thrust
24、 pitPit or shaft located at the beginning of a pipe jacking or thrust boring operation. 223 1013jacking stationThrust pit together with the plant and ancillaries to provide the thrust for pipe jacking or thrust boring. 223 1014intermediate jacking station Jacking equipment, located along a drive in
25、pipe jacking or thrust boring to provide additional thrust. 223 1015tunnel liningPermanent or temporary cover and support to the rock or soil surface at the periphery of a tunnel excavation. 223 1016primary liningStructural tunnel lining. 223 1017secondary liningLining in addition to primary lining
26、for decoration, improved fluid flow, protection, structural enhancement or other purposes. 223 1018expanded liningPrimary lining that consists of tunnel segments that are expanded circumferentially against the surrounding ground. 223 1019tunnel grommet tunnel grummet deprecated Washer made of flexib
27、le material used in bolted segmental tunnel linings to prevent leakage through bolt holes. 223 1020shaft liningPermanent or temporary cover and support to the rock or soil surface at the periphery of a shaft excavation. 223 1021tunnel segment plate deprecated Arc shaped preformed component that form
28、s part of a tunnel lining or shaft lining. 223 1022bolted segmentTunnel segment designed to be bolted to adjacent tunnel segments. 223 1023smooth bore segmentTunnel segment, usually of concrete, designed to provide a smooth internal surface. 223 1024tunnel ringAssembly, one segment wide, of tunnel s
29、egments to form a complete section of tunnel lining or shaft lining. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 2 BSI 07-1999 No.TermDefinition 223 1025grout holeSmall diameter hole in a tunnel lining to facilitate gr
30、outing. 223 1026grout plugPlug used to seal a grout hole. 223 1027ironTunnel segment made from cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron. 223 1028liner plate plate deprecated Tunnel segment of pressed steel. 223 1029tunnel laggingMember placed longitudinally between arch ribs to provide temporary suppor
31、t to ground or tunnel lining. 223 1030clay blanketLayer of clay placed on the bed of a watercourse to enable a tunnel to be driven underneath. 223 1031tunnel faceCurrent end area of a tunnel excavation. 223 1032relieving holeHole, usually 75 mm to 100 mm in diameter, often drilled at the centre of a
32、 tunnel face to control and localize the effects of the initial blast in a round. 223 1033cutGroup of shot holes immediately surrounding a relieving hole. 223 1034burn cutCut in which all the shot holes are parallel. 223 1035muck pilePile of shattered rock formed in a tunnel after a round is fired.
33、223 1036air deckAirtight platform in a caisson or shaft for compressed air working. 223 2 Design and geometry 223 2001tunnel portalEntrance, or structure that forms the entrance, to a tunnel. 223 2002tunnel crownHighest point of the internal curved surface of a tunnel cross section. 223 2003tunnel i
34、nvertBottom surface of a tunnel. 223 2004lining rollRotational displacement, intentional or otherwise, of a circular preformed tunnel lining. 223 2005dimensional creepDifference between actual advance of a series of components, such as tunnel rings, and the theoretical advance. 223 3 Operations 223
35、3001box the face box up deprecated Cover the whole or part of a tunnel face to provide support. 223 3002dental treatmentLocal lining of small areas of tunnel periphery at faults or large fissures using concrete with or without reinforcement. 223 3003clay pocketingMethod of tunnelling through loose g
36、round by excavating small pockets around the periphery and backfilling them with clay prior to continuing to excavate the tunnel. 223 3004ironboundCondition that arises from change of alignment where the tail of a tunnel shield binds against a preformed tunnel lining. 223 3005shield rollRotation of
37、a tunnel shield about its axis during the course of a drive. 223 3006leadDistance that one side of a tunnel lining or tunnel shield is in front of the other. 223 3007look upDistance that the invert of a tunnel lining or tunnel shield is in front of the tunnel crown. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffi
38、eldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3:1990 BSI 07-19993 No.TermDefinition 223 3008overhangDistance that the crown of a tunnel lining or tunnel shield is in front of the tunnel invert. 223 3009blow outSudden major escape of compressed air from a tunne
39、l or caisson, often accompanied by an inrush of soil and water. 223 3010blanketingDeposition of an impermeable layer, such as clay or polyethelene sheet, on a tunnel face to limit compressed air losses. 223 3011pullAdvance of a tunnel or shaft after a round. 223 3012compressed air workingWorking in
40、a chamber that has been pressurized with compressed air. 223 3013Blackpool decompression tables Tables that give recommended decompression times for personnel who have been involved in compressed air working. NOTEPublished by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Report No.
41、 44. 223 3014decompression sicknessIllness that may be suffered by personnel who have been subjected to a too rapid reduction in air pressure after compressed air working. 223 3015type 1 decompression sickness bends deprecated Decompression sickness caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the
42、 limb joints. 223 3016type 2 decompression sickness Decompression sickness, characteristically affecting cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory or gastro-intestinal systems. 223 3017deoxygenated airAir that lacks its normal proportion of oxygen. 223 3018blackdampAir found in tunnels and mines tha
43、t is deficient in oxygen but has a higher than normal level of carbon dioxide. 223 3019firedampFlammable mixture of methane and other gases. 223 3020auger boringTechnique of forming a hole through the ground, usually for installing a pipe, by rotary drilling action in which the spoil is removed. 223
44、 3021pipe jackingTechnique for installing a pipe or duct through the ground, in which the pipe or duct is pushed forward by hydraulic jacks and spoil is excavated from the leading edge. 223 3022back groutingGrouting carried out around a tunnel lining after initial grouting. 223 3023blind boringDrill
45、ing a hole without initial probing. 223 3024cut and coverMethod of tunnel construction in which the tunnel structure is built in an open excavation and subsequently covered with fill. 223 3025new Austrian tunnelling method (abbrev: NATM) Method of tunnel construction in firm ground or rock where adv
46、antage is taken of the support properties of the surrounding ground effected by in situ ground support systems such as rock bolts or shotcrete without the need for a structural tunnel lining. 223 3026probingMethod of exploring ground outside or in front of a tunnel by drilling a small diameter hole.
47、 223 3027forepolingMethod of supporting loose ground by driving poling boards immediately ahead of the tunnel face. 223 3028mucking outRemoval of excavated material from a tunnel. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6100-2.2.3
48、:1990 4 BSI 07-1999 No.TermDefinition 223 3029raise boringMethod of excavating a shaft by boring upwards. 223 3030scaling downRemoval from the tunnel arch of rock pieces that were loosened but not dislodged when a round was fired, or that became loose later. 223 3031shoveIncremental forward movement
49、 of a tunnel shield, tunnel boring machine or pipes, usually by means of hydraulic rams. 223 3032thrust boringTechnique for installing a pipe or duct whereby a casing is driven through the ground by hydraulic thrust and from within which the spoil is removed as the casing advances. 223 3033directional drillingTechnique for installing a pipe or duct on a slightly curved line using a machine with a guided steerable drilling head to form a hole into which the pipe or duct is inserted. 223 3034impact molingTechnique for installing a pipe or duct using a percussive soil di
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