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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6931:1988 Glossary of Terms for copper and copper alloys UDC 669.3:001.4 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Non-ferrous Meta
2、ls Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 31 March 1988 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference NFM/34 Draft for comment 85/40891 DC ISBN 0 580 16409 8 Committees responsible for th
3、is British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Committee (NFM/-) to Technical Committee NFM/34, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Non-ferrous Metals Federation Copper Development Association London Metal Exchange
4、 Non-ferrous Metal Stockists Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited Coopted member Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 BSI 11-1999i Contents P
5、age Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 Section 1. Materials1 Section 2. Unrefined coppers2 Section 3. Refined coppers2 Section 4. Copper alloys3 Section 5. Refinery shapes4 Section 6. Castings4 Section 7. Wrought product forms5 Section 8. Processes7 Appendix A Dividing line
6、between copper and copper alloys11 Index Figure 1 Corners8 Figure 2 Examples of cross sections of rod and wire8 Figure 3 Examples of cross sections of hollow rods8 Figure 4 Examples of cross sections of wire rod (drawing stock)8 Figure 5 Examples of cross sections of tube9 Figure 6 Examples of cross
7、 sections of solid sections (solid profiles)9 Figure 7 Examples of cross sections of hollow sections (hollow profiles)10 Figure 8 Edges10 Table 1 Limiting content of other elements in refined copper2 Publication referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:0
8、9:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 ii BSI 11-1999 Foreword This British Standard glossary has been prepared under the direction of the Non-ferrous Metals Standards Committee and replaces BS 1420 “Glossary of terms applicable to wrought products in copper, zinc and their all
9、oys” which was withdrawn in 1983. BS 1420 covered definitions of terms applicable to zinc and its alloys as well as copper, whereas this glossary gives the meaning of terms when applied to copper and its alloys. Some of the terms may be used for other metals, and indeed many are in common everyday u
10、se, but this glossary gives the meaning to be understood when they are applied to copper and copper alloys. This glossary is based, to a very large extent, on ISO 197 prepared by Technical Committee TC 26 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Some changes have, however, been m
11、ade to make it more truly representative of current usage of the terms in the UK, whereas ISO 197 has taken considerable account of the usage of English terms in other countries. The aim of the glossary is to provide definitions of terms which are technically realistic but which can also be used for
12、 statistics and for legal and commercial transactions. Non-preferred terms are given in less prominent type beneath the preferred term. Appendix A gives details of the dividing line between copper and copper alloys. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a con
13、tract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 12, an inside back
14、cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS
15、 6931:1988 BSI 11-19991 1 Scope This British Standard glossary defines terms used to describe copper and copper alloys, product forms and the processes by which they are made. Those definitions marked with an asterisk (*) are identical with the definitions in ISO 197. NOTE 1Throughout this standard
16、compositions are given in terms of percentage by mass. NOTE 2The title of the publication referred to in this standard is given on the inside back cover. Section 1. Materials No.TermDefinition 1 01alloyA metallic substance consisting of more than one element usually and predominantly, but not exclus
17、ively, metallic which are intentionally included or retained. NOTE 1Most commercial alloys, including those of copper, consist of a predominant metallic element present in a greater concentration than any other element and one or more elements which are usually, but not exclusively, metallic and whi
18、ch are intentionally added or retained. NOTE 2See Appendix A for the dividing line between refined copper and copper alloys. 1 02alloying elementA metallic or non-metallic element intentionally added to, or retained in, an alloy for the purpose of giving the alloy certain properties. 1 03impurityA m
19、etallic or non-metallic element present in a metal or alloy but which has not intentionally been added or retained. 1 04master alloyAn alloy intended only for addition to a melt to adjust composition. 1 05casting alloy*An alloy primarily intended for the production of castings. 1 06cast metalMetal w
20、hich has solidified from the liquid state in a mould and which has not subsequently been worked to eradicate or change substantially the cast structure. 1 07hot working alloyAn alloy intended primarily for final working at elevated temperatures into wrought semi-finished products. 1 08cold working a
21、lloyAn alloy intended primarily for final working at ambient temperature to give wrought semi-finished products. 1 09wrought metalMetal which has been subjected to sufficient mechanical and thermal treatment to eradicate or change substantially the original crystal structure and which is usually cas
22、t. 1 10heat-treatable alloyAn alloy capable of being strengthened or having other properties changed, other than the removal of work hardening or internal stresses, by suitable thermal treatment. 1 11non-heat-treatable alloyAn alloy which is incapable of having its properties significantly changed b
23、y heat treatment, other than by annealing for the removal of work hardening or internal stresses. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 2 BSI 11-1999 Section 2. Unrefined coppers Section 3. Refined coppers (see also Ap
24、pendix A) No.TermDefinition 2 01copper matte*An intermediate product consisting mainly of ferrous and cuprous sulphides, which is oxidized in converters to produce metallic copper, usually termed blister copper. 2 02black copper*An impure form of copper produced by smelting impure copper scrap and/o
25、r oxidized copper ores, usually in a blast furnace. The copper content varies widely, usually in a range of approximately 60 % to 85 %. 2 03blister copper*An impure form of copper produced by blowing air through molten copper matte. During the conversion process, sulphur, iron and other impurities a
26、re oxidized. The copper content is normally about 98 %. 2 04anode copperAn impure form of copper made by the further removal of sulphur and oxygen from blister copper in the molten state. NOTEAnode copper is cast into shapes suitable for use as expendable anodes, which are the raw material input to
27、the electrolytic refining of copper. 2 05cement copper*An impure, finely divided mixture of copper and copper oxide obtained by precipitation of copper usually by iron (cementation) from aqueous solution of copper compounds. The copper content, dry basis, varies widely, usually in a range of approxi
28、mately 50 % to 85 %. No.TermDefinition 3 01refined copperEither *a) metal with a minimum content of 99.85 % of copper; or *b) metal with a minimum content of 97.5 % of copper, provided that the content by mass of any other element does not exceed the limits given in Table 1. Table 1 Limiting content
29、 of other elements in refined copper ElementLimiting content % Silver0.25 Arsenic0.5 Cadmium1.3 Chromium1.4 Magnesium0.8 Lead1.5 Sulphur0.7 Tin0.8 Tellurium0.8 Zinc1.0 Zirconium0.3 Other elementsa each0.3 a Other elements are, for example, aluminium, beryllium, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, silic
30、on. NOTEThe definitions 3 02 to 3 04 refer to those refined coppers having a minimum copper content of 99.85 %. They originate from one or more of the refining methods defined in section 8. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS
31、6931:1988 BSI 11-19993 Section 4. Copper alloys (see also Appendix A) No.TermDefinition 3 02oxygen-free copper*Copper containing neither copper(I) oxide nor any residue of deoxidizers. 3 03tough pitch copper*Copper containing a controlled amount of oxygen in the form of copper(I) oxide. 3 04deoxidiz
32、ed copper*Copper free from copper(I) oxide and containing controlled amounts of metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers, such as phosphorus, lithium, boron, calcium. The phosphorus-deoxidized copper is most commonly used. No.TermDefinition 4 01copper-zinc alloys: brasses *Alloys of copper and zinc, with
33、 or without other elements. When other elements are present: a) zinc predominates by mass over each of such other elements; b) any nickel content is less than 5 %; c) any tin content is less than 3 %. 4 02copper-tin alloys: tin bronzes Alloys with copper and tin, with or without other elements. When
34、 other elements are present tin predominates by mass over each of such other elements. 4 03copper-tin-phosphorus alloys; phosphor bronzes Alloys conforming to the definition of tin bronzes in 4 02 but having a specified minimum phosphorus content. 4 04copper-nickel-zinc alloys; nickel silvers *Alloy
35、s of copper, nickel and zinc, with or without other elements. The nickel content is 5 % or more. 4 05copper-nickel alloys; cupro-nickels *Alloys of copper and nickel with or without other elements, but in any case not more than 1 % of zinc. When other elements are present, nickel predominates by mas
36、s over each of the other elements. 4 06copper-aluminium alloys; aluminium bronzes Alloys of copper and aluminium, with or without other elements. When elements other than aluminium are present, aluminium predominates by mass over each of the other elements. NOTE 1The word “bronze” tends to be used f
37、or any alloy of copper which is not a brass, a nickel silver, or a cupro-nickel. To have any real meaning it should be prefixed by reference to the major alloying element or that with the greatest effect on the properties of the alloy. Examples are aluminium bronze and silicon bronze. NOTE 2The use
38、of the term “manganese bronzes” to refer to high tensile brasses is obsolete since these alloys fall within the definition of brasses and in them manganese is not a specially important alloying element. 4 07copper-tin-zinc alloys; gun-metals Alloys of copper, tin and zinc, possibly with other alloyi
39、ng elements, in which tin is the major alloying element. 4 08copper-tin-zinc-lead alloys; leaded gun-metals Alloys of copper, tin, zinc and lead, possibly with other alloying elements. Any of the elements tin, zinc or lead may be the predominant alloying element. 4 09copper-tin-lead alloys; leaded b
40、ronzes Alloys of copper, tin and lead, possibly with other alloying elements. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 4 BSI 11-1999 Section 5. Refinery shapes (unwrought intermediate products) Section 6. Castings No.Term
41、Definition 5 01refinery shapesA general term for copper products obtained by refining and usually melting and casting, which have not been subsequently hot or cold worked, and which are intended for further processing. NOTEExamples of refinery shapes are cathodes, wire bars, cakes, billets and ingot
42、s. 5 02cathodeA flat, unwrought copper shape made by electrolytic deposition and normally used for remelting, but sometimes used in small segments for barrel plating. 5 03wire barA cast shape, normally of approximately square cross section, with tapered ends, principally used for hot rolling into ro
43、d or flat products for subsequent processing into wire, strip or profile. 5 04cake slab A cast shape of rectangular cross section generally used for rolling into plate, sheet, strip or foil. 5 05billetA cast shape of circular cross section used for the production of tube, rod, bar, profiles or forgi
44、ngs. 5 06ingotA cast shape in a form suitable only for remelting. NOTE 1“Ingots” are sometimes called “ingot bars”. NOTE 2“Ingots” of metals other than copper and copper alloys may be differently defined, e.g. steel “ingots” are intended for further working. No.TermDefinition 6 01a casting*A general
45、 term for a product at or near finished shape, formed by solidification of a molten metal or alloy in a mould. 6 02sand casting*A casting formed in a sand mould. 6 03gravity die casting permanent mould casting chill casting *A casting formed in a metal mould, the molten metal being introduced by gra
46、vity, low-pressure feed or vacuum. 6 04pressure die casting die casting *A casting formed in a metal mould, the molten metal being introduced under high pressure. 6 05centrifugal casting*A casting formed by centrifugal force in a rotating mould, the major axis of the casting coinciding with the axis
47、 of rotation, and the thickness of the casting being determined by the dimensions of the mould and quantity of metal poured. NOTEThis term should not be confused with the production of a casting under centrifugal pressure. 6 06continuous casting*A casting formed by supplying metal continuously to a
48、mould, and withdrawing it continuously from some other part of the mould as it solidifies, the length of the casting being independent of the mould dimensions. 6 07investment castingA casting formed in a mould, made by investing a ceramic mixture round a pattern, usually made from wax and subsequent
49、ly removed by heating. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Dec 05 01:09:10 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 6931:1988 BSI 11-19995 Section 7. Wrought product forms In this section, the aim has been to define product forms unambiguously and to state dividing lines which allow all semi-finished copper and copper alloy products likely to be encountered to be classified. While the scope of this section is confined to wrought product forms, some of these forms such as forging stock may also be cast. In general, no reference has been made
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