IEEE-C57.104-2008.pdf
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1、IEEE Std C57.104-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.104-1991) IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 2 February 2009 IEEE Power 2) the use of fixed instruments for detecting and determining the quantity of combust
2、ible gases present in gas-blanketed equipment; 3) obtaining samples of gas and oil from the transformer for laboratory analysis; 4) laboratory methods for analyzing the gas blanket and the gases extracted from the oil; and 5) interpreting the results in terms of transformer serviceability. The inten
3、t is to provide the operator with useful information concerning the serviceability of the equipment. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is included. Keywords: gas analysis, oil, oil-filled transformers, transformers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics E
4、ngineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 2 February 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permiss
5、ion to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on February 16, 2009 at 05:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Inst
6、itute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 05:42:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.104-20
7、08, IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers. IEEE Std C57.104-1991 was officially withdrawn by IEEE based on recommendation by the Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power solubility and degree of saturation of various gases in oil; the type of oil preservat
8、ion system; the type and rate of oil circulation; the kinds of material in contact with the fault; and finally, variables associated with the sampling and measuring procedures themselves. Because of the variability of acceptable gas limits and the significance of various gases and generation rates,
9、a consensus is difficult to obtain. The principal obstacle in the development of fault interpretation as an exact science is the lack of positive correlation of the fault-identifying gases with faults found in actual transformers. The result of various ASTM testing round-robins indicates that the an
10、alytical procedures for gas analysis are difficult, have poor precision, and can be wildly inaccurate, especially between laboratories. A replicate analysis confirming a diagnosis should be made before taking any major action. This guide is intended to provide guidance on specific methods and proced
11、ures that may assist the transformer operator in deciding on the status and continued operation of a transformer that exhibits combustible gas formation. However, operators must be cautioned that, although the physical reasons for gas formation have a firm technical basis, interpretation of that dat
12、a in terms of the specific cause or causes is not an exact science, but it is the result of empirical evidence from which rules for interpretation have been derived. Hence, exact causes or conditions within transformers may not be inferred from the various procedures. The continued application of th
13、e rules and limits in this guide, accompanied by actual confirmation of the causes of gas formation, will result in continued refinement and improvement in the correlation of the rules and limits for interpretation. Individual experience with this guide will assist the operators in determining the b
14、est procedure, or combination of procedures, for each specific case. Some of the factors involved in the decision of the operator are: the type of oil preservation system, the type and frequency of the sampling program, and the analytical facilities available. However, whether used separately or as
15、complements to one another, the procedures disclosed in this guide all provide the operator with useful information concerning the serviceability of the equipment. 2. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be un
16、derstood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. ASTM D 92
17、3, Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids.1 ASTM D 2945, Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils. 1 ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA (http:/www.astm
18、.org/). 1 Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: IHS Stephanie Dejesus. Downloaded on February 16, 2009 at 05:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEEL
19、icensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 05:42:53 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std C57.104-2008 IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers ASTM D 3305, Standard Practice for Sampling Small Gas
20、 Volume in a Transformer. ASTM D 3612, Standard Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography. 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE
21、Standards Terms should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 Definitions 3.1 key gases: Gases generated in oil-filled transformers that can be used for qualitative determination of fault types, based on which gases are typical or predominant at various temperatures. 3.2 partial dis
22、charge: An electric discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors, and that may or may not occur adjacent to a conductor. 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations TCG total combustible gas TDCG total dissolved combustible gas 4. General theory The two principal causes of gas formatio
23、n within an operating transformer are thermal and electrical disturbances. Conductor losses due to loading produce gases from thermal decomposition of the associated oil and solid insulation. Gases are also produced from the decomposition of oil and insulation exposed to arc temperatures. Generally,
24、 where decomposition gases are formed principally by ionic bombardment, there is little or no heat associated with low-energy discharges and partial discharge. 4.1 Cellulosic decomposition The thermal decomposition of oil-impregnated cellulose insulation produces carbon oxides (CO, CO2) and some hyd
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