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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 5502-33: 1991 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Buildings and structures for agriculture Part 33: Guide to the control of odour pollution Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 This British Standard,
2、having been prepared under the direction of the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 31 July 1991 BSI 06-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee referenc
3、e FHB/1 Draft for comment 89/13138 DC ISBN 0 580 19724 7 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee (FHB/-) to Technical Committee FHB/1, upon which the following bodies we
4、re represented: AFRC Institute of Engineering Research Aggregate Concrete Block Association Brick Development Association British Cement Association British Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers Association British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. British Poultry Federation Limited British Pr
5、ecast Concrete Federation Ltd. British Veterinary Association British Wood Preserving and Damp-proofing Association Cold Rolled Sections Association Department of Agriculture Northern Ireland Electricity Industry in United Kingdom Farm and Rural Buildings Centre Farm Buildings Association Fibre Ceme
6、nt Manufacturers Association Limited Health and Safety Executive Institution of Civil Engineers Local Authority Organizations Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Farmers Union Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Scottish Office (Agriculture
7、 and Fisheries Department) Steel Construction Institute Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments 9134July 1996Indicated by a sideline in the margin Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 BSI 06-1999i
8、Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 0Introduction1 1Scope1 2Definitions1 3General1 4Sources of odour nuisance2 5Odour control2 6Chemical additives and masking agents5 Appendix A Bibliography6 Index7 Publication(s) refered toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun s
9、heffieldun, na, Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 ii BSI 06-1999 Foreword This Part of BS 5502 has been prepared under the direction of the Farm and Horticultural Buildings Standards Policy Committee and comprises of a new Part of BS 5502. While BS 5502 i
10、s being revised and added to, the opportunity is being taken to restructure the standard into the following broad subject areas: Part 0: Introduction and consolidated index; Parts 10 to 19: Reference information and legislation; Parts 20 to 39: General design; Parts 40 to 59: Livestock buildings; Pa
11、rts 60 to 79: Crop buildings; Parts 80 to 99: Ancillary buildings. More specifically, the general design series will comprise: Part 20: Code of practice for general design considerations; Part 21: Code of practice for selection and use of construction materials; Part 22: Code of practice for design,
12、 construction and loading; Part 23: Code of practice for fire precautions; Part 24: Code of practice for energy management; Part 25: Code of practice for services and facilities; Part 30: Code of practice for control of infestation; Part 31: Guide to waste management; Part 32: Guide to noise attenua
13、tion; Part 33: Guide to control of odour pollution; Part 34: Guide to control of dust; Part 35: Guide to control of gases and vapours. A more detailed description of the new structure is given in Part 0. The object of introducing the new structure is to allow subject areas to be broadly characterize
14、d, and related subject matter, whether in the form of recommendations, guidance or supporting data to be rationalized and brought together. It will also allow sufficient flexibility to enable BS 5502 to be expanded and developed in a logical way in the future. Parts 20 to 39 will follow broadly the
15、existing structure of BS 5502-1.0 to BS 5502-1.7. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. A British Standard does not purport to include
16、all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i a
17、nd ii, pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00
18、 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 BSI 06-19991 0 Introduction This Part of BS 5502 identifies those operations which occur during the normal use of agricultural buildings and structures, and give rise to odour pollution, and which can be mitigated against by good design in the buildi
19、ng and structure. To some extent the effects of odour pollution are subjective and depend upon the related environment. The aim of the guidance given in this Part of BS 5502 is to indicate to the designer ways in which the effects of such pollution can be reduced by the effective design and construc
20、tion of a building and structure. In doing so, the assumption is made that use of the building will follow established agricultural practice and that equipment and machinery installed and/or used is of itself effective in minimizing pollution effects. 1 Scope This Part of BS 5502 gives guidance on a
21、spects of controlling odour pollution produced mainly as a result of livestock farming practices in relation to the design and construction of agricultural buildings and structures. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For
22、 the purposes of this British Standard, the definitions given in BS 6100 apply. NOTEWork has commenced on a further Part of BS 5502 (Part 10) which will be a glossary of terms used in BS 5502 for buildings and structures for agriculture. 3 General 3.1 Odour The complexity of the human sense of smell
23、 together with the variation in the human response to odorants (i.e. chemical compounds which have an odour) make odour pollution and odour nuisance subjective and difficult subjects to deal with. Unpleasant smells do not necessarily present hazardous conditions to humans. 3.2 Odour measurement Meth
24、ods for evaluating odours have been researched for many years. The aim is to determine the nuisance value of the odour in a scientific and objective manner. At present, methods have been developed and approved by an expert group set up by the EEC to determine odour concentration. This measures the v
25、olume of clean odourless air which is required to dilute a known volume of odorous air to a point where 50 % of a panel (of selected people) can no longer detect the odour. The value is known as the 50 % threshold value and is determined by the use of an olfactometer. Odour concentration is used to
26、determine the reduction in odour achieved by air cleaning treatment systems or waste treatment plants. The usual background odour concentration of air is 30 dilutions of odour-free air to one of odorous air. Intensive pig and poultry buildings often have an odour concentration from exhaust ventilati
27、on outlets in excess of 2 500 dilutions to one. Many situations that give rise to odour pollution can be minimized by good farm management. This guide is mainly concerned with those aspects which relate to the building or structure. NOTEFor further information on farm management see Appendix A. 3.3
28、Toxicity Gases arising from livestock wastes can be odorous and/or toxic. The characteristic odours of livestock wastes arise from the simultaneous presence, in the air around the waste, of a variety of different gases. Gases which contribute to livestock waste odours and which are also toxic when p
29、resent above a certain concentration include hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. Hydrogen sulphide is particularly hazardous as the concentration above which it is toxic is extremely low, and, moreover, there are some concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in air at which it is not odorous, and at which the
30、refore, its presence is not easily detected. Gases which are toxic but not odorous include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The former, particularly, can build up in confined spaces and thus cause a risk of asphyxiation. 3.4 Legislation Nuisance laws exist under the Environmental Protection Act 1
31、990. The public may complain about odour and, as a result, a local authority may initiate legal action through its Environmental Health Officer(s) to terminate the nuisance. Alternatively, individuals may take action under common law to terminate nuisance. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na,
32、 Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 2 BSI 06-1999 4 Sources of odour nuisance 4.1 Odour nuisance complaints by the public about agricultural activities can arise from the following: a) the spreading of waste on land; b) the storage of waste; c) buildings h
33、ousing livestock; d) the production of animal feed; e) the storage of silage. The most troublesome and the commonest type of waste is livestock slurry, but sewage sludge when spread on the land and farm-yard manure (straw-based livestock waste) can also give rise to complaints. 4.2 Odour problems ar
34、e attributable mainly to premises where stock are closely confined and their waste accumulates. The majority of nuisance relates to premises where pigs, poultry and, to a lesser extent, cattle are kept. 4.3 The odours from waste and the animals themselves are carried in the ventilating air exhausted
35、 from livestock houses and can be a source of nuisance when the buildings are adjacent to a populated area. 4.4 The production of animal feed can involve cooking, milling and mixing operations. Cooking, especially under pressure, can lead to the release of unpleasant odours at certain stages of the
36、process. Milling and mixing can generate dust, which may assist the transmission of odour. 4.5 The making of silage in clamps is not intrinsically malodorous, but the smell of poor quality silage can be offensive. 5 Odour control 5.1 Reduction of odour concentration In principle an odorant cannot ca
37、use a nuisance if its concentration is too low to be detected by humans. Any means of reducing the concentration of odorants should therefore be regarded as a method of odour control. Odorant concentrations should be reduced by at least 80 % to achieve a significant improvement. However, in some cas
38、es, when an odorant can be perceived at very low concentrations a reduction of over 95 % may be required. Implicit in the Environment Protection Act 1990 is the need for any odour control system to comply with the principle of best available technique not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC). Therefor
39、e the cost of the system and of its management and operation should be within the cost structure of the particular agricultural sector, be it livestock production, crop production or some other sector. Odour control can be achieved by a variety of means, such as biological treatment, the addition of
40、 chemicals and by destruction of the odorous compounds. Those considered most appropriate to particular farming situations known to give rise to nuisance from odours are highlighted below. 5.2 Methods of odour control 5.2.1 Siting When planning new buildings or facilities, consideration should be gi
41、ven to the risk of odours, arising from the intended activities, reaching human habitation. The siting of the building will influence both the reduction in odour before it reaches people and the direction in which it will travel. Reduction in odour is largely caused by the dilution of odorous air wi
42、th fresh air; this dilution will be greatest at high rates of mixing. Rates of mixing will be influenced by distance, wind speed and other meteorological parameters. The direction of dispersion of odorous materials will primarily be influenced by wind direction. The following factors will therefore
43、need to be considered in preventing odour nuisance. a) Under the current planning law in England and Wales, developments connected with livestock or the storage of slurry/waste require planning consent if they are within 400 m of the curtilage of a protected building (i.e. a building normally occupi
44、ed by people who are not part of the particular or adjacent agricultural holding). In Scotland the above consent applies to developments associated with intensive livestock accommodation or slurry/sewage sludge storage. b) The strength of the odour source will often be related to the number of lives
45、tock kept in a particular location. Some European codes limit the number of stock on a site depending on its distance from human habitation. For example, in Holland, the maximum number of pigs allowed at 100 m is 250, at 300 m 2 500 pigs, etc. c) The production system and waste management system wil
46、l affect the strength of the odour source. Systems of livestock housing which allow the accumulation of dung and slurry in channels, pits and stores over a period of time are more odorous than those which are cleaned on a daily basis. Where the cordon sanitaire is less than 300 m the latter systems
47、are to be preferred. d) The spread of odour from its source can be influenced by local climate and topographical features. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Dec 04 14:40:55 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 5502-33:1991 BSI 06-19993 A livestock building sited in a windy loc
48、ation may well be less odorous (because of greater dilution of odour) than one located in a sheltered location. Due regard should be given to wind direction in relation to human occupation. However, whilst prevailing wind direction may guide ones choice of location, local topography may well modify
49、wind direction and consequently odour dispersion. Such local effects should be investigated. In cold still conditions (particularly at night) cold air will roll down hills and take with it odours from sources located above human habitation. 5.2.2 Pretreatment The treatments which should be applied to waste before it is spread on the land are as follows: a) aeration of livestock slurry by passing air or oxygen through it which reduces the nuisance effect of odour from slurry gases; b) anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle slurry which result
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