ISO-14044-2006.pdf
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1、 Reference number ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14044 First edition 2006-07-01 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines Management environnemental Analyse du cycle de vie Exigences et lignes directrices ISO 14044:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This P
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4、PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2006 All rights reserve
5、d. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester
6、. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2006 All rights reserved ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope .
7、 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Methodological framework for LCA 6 4.1 General requirements. 6 4.2 Goal and scope definition 7 4.3 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) 11 4.4 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) . 16 4.5 Life cycle interpretation . 23 5 Reporting. 27 5.1 Gene
8、ral requirements and considerations 27 5.2 Additional requirements and guidance for third-party reports 28 5.3 Further reporting requirements for comparative assertion intended to be disclosed to the public 30 6 Critical review 31 6.1 General. 31 6.2 Critical review by internal or external expert. 3
9、1 6.3 Critical review by panel of interested parties 31 Annex A (informative) Examples of data collection sheets. 33 Annex B (informative) Examples of life cycle interpretation . 36 Bibliography. 46 ISO 14044:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for St
10、andardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the rig
11、ht to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International
12、 Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a
13、n International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO
14、14044 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. This first edition of ISO 14044, together with ISO 14040:2006, cancels and replaces ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1998, ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000, which have been technically
15、 revised. -,-,- ISO 14044:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved v Introduction The increased awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts associated with products1), both manufactured and consumed, has increased interest in the development of methods to better und
16、erstand and address these impacts. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA can assist in identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle, informing decision-makers in industry, gov
17、ernment or non-government organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign), the selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques, and marketing (e.g. implementing an ecolabelling scheme,
18、 making an environmental claim, or producing an environmental product declaration). LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts2) (e.g. use of resources and environmental consequences of releases) throughout a products life cycle from raw material acquisition through
19、production, use, end-of-life treatment, recycling and final disposal (i.e. cradle-to-grave). There are four phases in an LCA study: a) the goal and scope definition phase, b) the inventory analysis phase, c) the impact assessment phase, and d) the interpretation phase. The scope, including system bo
20、undary and level of detail, of an LCA depends on the subject and the intended use of the study. The depth and the breadth of LCA can differ considerably depending on the goal of a particular LCA. The life cycle inventory analysis phase (LCI phase) is the second phase of LCA. It is an inventory of in
21、put/output data with regard to the system being studied. It involves the collection of the data necessary to meet the goals of the defined study. The life cycle impact assessment phase (LCIA) is the third phase of the LCA. The purpose of LCIA is to provide additional information to help assess a pro
22、duct systems LCI results so as to better understand their environmental significance. 1) In this International Standard, the term “product” includes services. 2) The “potential environmental impacts” are relative expressions, as they are related to the functional unit of a product system. ISO 14044:
23、2006(E) vi ISO 2006 All rights reserved Life cycle interpretation is the final phase of the LCA procedure, in which the results of an LCI or an LCIA, or both, are summarized and discussed as a basis for conclusions, recommendations and decision-making in accordance with the goal and scope definition
24、. There are cases where the goal of an LCA may be satisfied by performing only an inventory analysis and an interpretation. This is usually referred to as an LCI study. This International Standard covers two types of studies: life cycle assessment studies (LCA studies) and life cycle inventory studi
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