ISO-9984-1996.pdf
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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 9984 First edition 1996-l 2-l 5 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters Information et documentation - Translitt but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the original graphism and thus allow anyone who has a
2、 knowledge of the original language to pronounce it correctly. Similarly one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if one has a knowledge of English or Polish. The adoption of national standards compatible with this International Standard will permit the rep
3、resentation, in an international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country where it is spoken. It will be possible to simplify this representation in order totake into account the extent of the character sets available on different kinds of machine. Copyr
4、ight International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:56:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 8 IS0 IS0 9984:1996(E) Information an
5、d documentation - Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters 1 Scope This International Standard establishes a system for the transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters in accordance with the principles of stringent conversion in order to permit international info
6、rmation exchange, particularly by electronic means. 2 General principles of conversion of writing systems 2.1 The words in a language, which are written according to a given script (the converted system), sometimes have to be rendered according to a different system (the conversion system) normally
7、used for a different language. The procedure is often used for historical or geographical texts, cartographical documents and in particular bibliographical work where characters must be converted from different writing systems into a single alphabet to allow for alphabetical intercalation in bibliog
8、raphies, catalogues, indexes, toponymic lists, etc. It is indispensable in that it permits the univocal transmission of a written message between two countries using different writing systems or exchanging a message the writing of which is different from their own, It thereby permits transmission by
9、 manual, mechanical as well as electronic means. The two basic methods of conversion of a system of writing are transliteration and transcription. 2.2 Transliteration is the process of representing the charactersl) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of writing by the characters of a conversion al
10、phabet. In principle, the conversion shall be made character by character: each character of the converted graphical system is rendered by only one character of the conversion alphabet, this being the easiest way to ensure the complete and unambiguous reversibility of the conversion alphabet in the
11、converted system. In certain exceptional cases, for example when the number of characters used in the conversion system is smaller than the number of characters of the converted system, it is necessary to use digraphs or diacritical marks. In this case, arbitrary choices and the use of purely conven
12、tional marks shall be avoided as far as possible, and a certain phonetic logic shall be maintained in order to give the system a wide acceptance. 1) A character is an element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme, a syllable, a word or even a prosod
13、ical characteristic of a given language. It is used either alone (e.g. a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a punctuation mark) or in combination (e.g. an accent, a diacritical mark), A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example 8, e, 6, is therefore a char
14、acter in the same way as a basic letter. 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Defense Supply Ctr/9960866100 Not for Resale, 04/24/2007 09:56:07 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 9984:199
15、6(E) Q IS0 However, it must be accepted that the graphism obtained cannot always be correctly pronounced according to the phonetic habits of the language (or of all the languages) which usually use(s) the conversion alphabet. On the other hand, this graphism shall be such that the reader who has a k
16、nowledge of the converted language can mentally restore unequivocally the original graphism and thus pronounce it. 2.3 Retransliteration is the process whereby the characters of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of the converted writing system. It is the exact opposite of the tra
17、nsliteration process in that the rules of a transliteration system are applied in reverse so as to reconvert the transliterated word to its original form. 2.4 Transcription is the process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion language. A transcriptio
18、n system is of necessity based on the orthographical conventions of the conversion language. Transcription is not strictly reversible. Transcription may be used for the conversion of all writing systems. It is the only method that can be used for systems that are not entirely alphabetical or syllabi
19、c and for all ideophonographical systems of writing like Chinese. 2.5 To carry out romanization (the conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet), either transliteration or transcription or a combination of the two may be used depending on the nature of the converted system. 2.6 A
20、conversion system proposed for international use may call for compromise and the sacrifice of certain national customs. It is therefore necessary for each community of users to accept concessions, fully abstaining in every case from imposing, as a matter of course, solutions that are actually justif
21、ied only by national practice (for example, as regards pronunciation, orthography, etc.). When a country uses two systems to write its own language so that they are univocally convertible into each other, the system of transliteration implemented shall be taken a priori as a basis for the internatio
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