NFPA-FPH-SECTION-1-1-2008.pdf
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1、1-3 Challenges to Safety in the Built Environment John R. Hall, Jr. Erin R. Twomey W e expect a great deal of our built environments. We expect that they protect us from haz- ards arising from objects we bring into the environments and from the components of the structure itself. We expect that our
2、built environment itself will not be harmful and will provide a protective envelope to shield us from harm arising outside the built environment. We expect it to keep us secure and comfortable and to provide conveniences for the time we spend in it. We expect a lot from our built environments in add
3、ition to functionality, usability, attractive appearance, af- fordability of construction and operation, and a host of other nonsafety goals and objectives. The first step in evaluating the challenges to safety in the built environment is to classify the types of harm encountered. This chapter exami
4、nes several perils causing harm to people and prop- erty in the built environment. 1, “An Overview of the Fire Problem and Fire Protection.” DEFINING THE CHALLENGES TO SAFETY Any harm that occurs inside a built environment could theoretically have been prevented or miti- gated, at least in some very
5、 small way, by some feasible modification to the built environment. However, that definition of challenges to safety is far too sweeping to be useful. A built-in visual and motion building monitoring system might provide enough surveillance to reduce the fraction of heart attacks or strokes that pro
6、ve fatal by detecting collapse or other actions indicating a person in distress, but if our purpose is to track the effectiveness of our current typical code and design choices, it would not be helpful to have tracking statistics dominated by the large number of heart attacks simply because it is te
7、chnically feasible to build a structure that would help on some of them. Any harm that occurs as a direct result of some failure in the built environment under conditions anticipated by the code is the type of event that should be tallied as an indicator of performance. However, that definition of c
8、hallenges to safety is far too narrow to capture what good design can accomplish in the way of preventing or reducing harm. The narrow definition is more appropriate for assigning legal liability than for evaluating overall effectiveness and impact. Also of concern is any harm that occurs as a resul
9、t of conditions that were not anticipated by the code but that should have been, and would have been, anticipated with better information or better understanding of the factors driving perilous events and the performance of the built envi- ronment to challenges those events represent. The sometimes
10、delicate and emotional debate if the codes should consider and provide design criterion for hostile acts or terrorism is a relatively new and highly complex subject. These events are neither predictable nor quantifiable. Although data- bases of such events exist, there is no return interval or proba
11、bilistic data to support a hard and fast design approach that could realistically be included in our design codes and standards to address John R. Hall, Jr., Ph.D., is NFPAs assistant vice-president for fire analysis and research. Erin R. Twomey was a research analyst for fire analysis and research
12、at NFPA during 20052006. Chapter Contents Defining the Challenges to Safety Relevant Major Societal Trends Major Databases Overview of Types of Peril Causing Harm Fire, Burns, and Electric Shock Falls Natural Disasters Fatalities Involving Hazardous Environments Key Terms all-hazard education, built
13、 environment, Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), hazard, International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Remembering When, risk, Risk Watch 01-01.indd 301-01.indd 311/6/2007 8:09:11 AM11/6/2007 8:09:11 AM See also, Section 1, Chapter 7, “Protecting Against Extreme Events”; and Section 3, Cha
14、pter these events. See also Section 1, Chapter 7, “Protecting Against Extreme Events.” Chapter 1 SECTION 1 Copyright National Fire Protection Association Provided by IHS under license with NFPALicensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 07/25/2008 02:28:21 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitte
15、d without license from IHS -,-,- 1-4 SECTION 1 Safety in the Built Environment General crime deterrence and security measures, such as those covered by NFPA 730, Guide for Premises Security, do have a place in the types of harmful hazards that our codes and standards should address. Options for Data
16、 Natural disastersincluding major wildfires but excluding other major firesinvolve probabilistically occurring natural hazard event triggers, whose probabilities vary by location (e.g., coastal location) and by characteristics (e.g., soil conditions) that them- selves vary by location. Therefore, ri
17、sk assessment for the haz- ards can be set up using risk maps for the triggering events, and codes can control design choices by specifying building per- formance in response to specified severities of these triggering events (analogous to fire scenarios used in performance-based design). The actual
18、 data on these natural disastersand the losses they cause, which reflect both the event of severity and the building performance in resisting damage from the eventare what we track in order to gain insight into both the challenges to buildings and the performance of different building materials and
19、designs in response to those challenges. In the area of fire safety, the instances of harm occur in well-defined incidents, most of which lead to an encounter with an official body (e.g., a fire department) and the creation of an official record (e.g., incident report). These reported incidents are
20、represented by the large or small samples of incidents cap- tured by one or another international database. At least in the United States, these databases provide a baseline for surveil- lance of the magnitude of the harm proper design is intended to prevent or reduce. These databases provide inform
21、ation on the size of the problem, answering many, but far from all, of the questions we have about the effect of design choices and code language on resulting harm. It is true that the database encompasses instances in which other parties are far more responsible than the builders and man- agers of
22、built environments for the harm, instances that could not have been prevented or mitigated by even the most expan- sive, and often times expensive, of design standards. Neverthe- less, the overall database can be used to identify candidate areas for targeted safety improvement, to estimate the magni
23、tude of improved safety achievable by proposed design changes, and to monitor the changes in loss magnitudes associated with the implementation of design changes. The databases available for monitoring, tracking, and sur- veillance of other types of harm within the built environment are not so well
24、developed, except for major natural disasters, which are sufficiently few in number that they can be individu- ally documented in great detail. For other instances of harm that do not involve fire or a natural disaster, there is less ability to develop statistics by type of harm and physical object
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