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1、 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE (R) Fuel Systems and ComponentsElectrostatic Charge Mitigation SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its ap
2、plicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments a
3、nd suggestions. Copyright 2006 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. T
4、O PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Issued 1994-02 Revised 2006-08 Superseding J1645 JAN1999 J1645 REV. AUG2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Scope.2 1.1 Basic Ap
5、proach2 1.2 Rationale2 2. References.3 2.1 Applicable Publications3 2.2 Related Publications 4 3. Definitions.6 4. Recommended Practices for Minimizing Electrostatic Charge Accumulation.14 4.1 Specifications for Materials, Components and Subsystems to be Used in Conjunction with Resistance and Resis
6、tivity Tests .14 4.2 Specifications for the Limits on Electrical Charge Accumulation and Transfer.16 5. Testing Procedures18 5.1 General Comments18 5.2 Resistance Test Procedures19 5.3 Static Charge Dissipation Test Procedures.22 5.4 Test Procedures for Fuel Exposed Components.23 5.5 Recording and R
7、eporting Results24 6. Notes24 6.1 Marginal Indicia24 APPENDIX A.1 Background Information.25 A.1.1 General Comments25 A.1.2 How Fuel System Components Contribute to the Electrostatic Charge Phenomenon .26 A.1.3 Mechanisms of Charge Reduction.27 A.1.4 Uncontrollable Factors.30 A.2 Testing and Measurem
8、entsBasic Guidelines and Consideration 32 A.2.1 General Comments32 SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 2 - A.2.2 Cautions.36 A.2.3 Measurement Theory and General Case 37 A.2.4 Tests Using Flowing Fuel or Fuel Substitute .40 A.2.5 Significance and Measurement of Capacitance 42 A.3 Design Guide .42 A.3.1 Gene
9、ral Comments42 A.3.2 General Design Factors For Components.45 A.3.3 Design Guidelines for Specific Components .45 A.4 Examples of Designs That Meet the Criteria in Section 4.2 49 1. Scope This SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice deals with electrostatic charge phenomena that may occur in automo
10、tive fuel systems and applies to the following: Fuels that are in a liquid state at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures and are contained in vehicle fuel tanks that operate at or near atmospheric pressure. The group of components that comprise the fuel system (in contact and not in contac
11、t with fuels). Other components in proximity to the fuel system that may be affected by electrostatic fields caused by the fuel system. Electrostatic phenomena that arise from or are affected by the following aspects of vehicle or fuel system operation: a. Flowing fuel in the fuel delivery system b.
12、 Flowing fuel being dispensed to the vehicle while it is being fueled 1.1 Basic Approach This recommended practice provides two approaches that may be used separately or collectively to ensure that there is no likelihood of adverse consequences resulting from electrostatic phenomena: 1. Recommendati
13、ons for materials, components and subsystems to be used in conjunction with resistance and resistivity tests, noting that this is the conservative approach and may result in unnecessary use of these designs and materials for specific applications. See Section 4.1. 2. Recommendations for the limits o
14、n electrical charge accumulation and transfer with an indication of the advanced tests and analyses that must be conducted, noting that these tests and analyses require specialist personnel with the appropriate knowledge, experience, test equipment and testing environment. See Section 4.2. 1.2 Ratio
15、nale This 2005 version of the SAE J1645 Recommended Practice is an update of the January, 1999, publication. The reasons for the update were a significant amount of new information about testing procedures, acceptance criteria, criteria that may be used to justifuy exceptions to the recommended prac
16、tice, and possible sources of variability in analyzing the performance of a fuel system in an electrostatic charging situation. Incorporating all those areas of improved information caused changes so numerous that they cannot be individually noted. This version of the J1645 document replaces the pre
17、vious version. SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 3 - 2. References 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATION Available from S
18、AE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J1681Gasoline, Alcohol and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Material Testing 2.1.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONS Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocke
19、n, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D 257Standard Test Method for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials ASTM D 4496Standard Test Method for DC Resistance or Conductance of Moderately Conductive Materials (October 30, 1987) ASTM D 991Standard Test Method for Rubber
20、PropertyVolume Resistance of Electrically Conductive and Antistatic Products ASTM D 2624-02Standard Test Method for Electric Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels 2.1.3 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION (CENELEC) PUBLICATIONS Available from Cenelec Standards Inspections
21、 Ltd., Unit 22 Apex Business Village, Northumberland Business Park, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE23 7BF, United Kingdom, Tel: 44-0191-2502005, email: . CLC/TR 50404 ElectrostaticsCode of practice for the avoidance of hazards due to static electricity 2.1.4 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) PU
22、BLICATIONS Available from International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Verambe, P.O. Box 131, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch. IEC 60079-0Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres IEC 93Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resistivity of soli
23、d electrical insulating materials IEC 61340-2-1Electrostatics Part 2-1: Measurement methodsAbility of materials to dissipate static electric charge IEC 61340-2-3Electrostatics Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance and resistivity of solid planar materials to avoid electrostatic ch
24、arge accumulation IEC 60243-2Electric strength of insulating materialsTest methodsPart 2: Additional requirements for tests using direct voltage SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 4 - 2.1.5 MILITARY SPECIFICATION Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robins Avenue, Philadelphi
25、a, PA 19111-5094. MIL-STD-3010, Method 4046.1Antistatic Properties of Materials 2.1.6 API PUBLICATIONS Available from American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, Tel: 202-682-8000, www.api-ec.api.org. 88-1-461Potential Fire Hazards of Lowering Gasoline Volatility API 2
26、003Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents 2.1.7 NFPA PUBLICATION Available from the National Fire Protection Agency, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, www.nfpa.org. NFPA77Recommended Practice on Static Electricity 2000 Edition 2
27、.1.8 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE ASSOCIATION (ESDA) PUBLICATIONS Available from Electrostatic Discharge Association, 7900 Turin Road, Building 3, Rome, NY 13440-2069, Tel: 315-339-6937, www.esda.org. ESDA Adv.1.0Glossary of Terms (1994 publication) ESD STM 11.11Surface Resistance Measurement of Static D
28、issipative Planar Materials (2001 publication) ESD STM11.12-2000Volume Resistance Measurements of Static Dissipative Planar Materials (2000 publication) ESD TR 02-99High Resistance OhmmetersVoltage Measurements 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes
29、 only and are not a required part of this document; they mainly provide background information. 2.2.1 SAE PUBLICATIONS Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J2044Quick Connector
30、 Specification for Liquid Fuel and Vapor/Emission Systems SAE J2045Tube/Hose Assemblies SAE J2260Non-Metallic Fuel System Tubing with One or More Layers SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 5 - 2.2.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONS Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-
31、9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D 150Test Methods for A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials ASTM D 2679Electrostatic Charge ASTM D 3509Electrostatic Field Strength Due to Surface Charges ASTM D 4470Standard Test Method for Static Electrific
32、ation ASTM D 4865Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems 2.2.3 MILITARY SPECIFICATION Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. MIL-PRF-81705DBarrier Materials, Flexible, Elect
33、rostatic, Free, Heat Sealable 2.2.4 UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY (UL) PUBLICATION Available from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, . UL 330Hose and Hose Assemblies for Dispensing Flammable Liquids 2.2.5 DIN PUBLICATION Available from Deutsch
34、es Institut fr Normung e.V., Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany, www.din.de. DIN 53-486/VDE 030 Part 8/4 75 (April, 1975)VDE Specifications for Electrical Tests on Insulating Materials: Evaluation of Electrostatic Behavior 2.2.6 OTHER PUBLICATIONSDETAILED BACKGROUND Journal of Research Artic
35、le (Oct-Dec, 1965)Electric Currents and Potentials Arising from the Flow of Charged Liquid Hydrocarbons through Short Pipes ISO 3915-1981 (E)PlasticsMeasurement of Resistivity of Conductive Plastics IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Volume 23, No. 1 (ISSN 0018-9367) (February, 1988) Electri
36、cal Insulation and Breakdown in Vacuum IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Volume 23, No. 1 (ISSN 0018-9367) (February, 1988)Flow Electrification in Electrical Power Apparatus Naval Research Laboratory Report 8021Pro Static Agents in Jet Fuels (August 16, 1976) Coordinating Research CouncilEl
37、ectrostatic Discharge in the Fuel Systems of Gasoline Powered Vehicles in North America (Paper by Ron Tharby, Nov., 1990) ESSO Research and Engineering CompanyCharging Tendency Test (April 9, 1959) SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 6 - Naval Research Laboratory Report 8484Generation of Electrostatic Charg
38、e in Fuel Handling Systems: A Literature Survey (September 24, 1981) January, 1988 issue of Plant/Operations Progress MagazineCollection of articles on aspects of electrostatic charge concerns arising in handling chemicals Research Studies Press, Inc., John Wiley Hironori Ueda, Takashi Nagai, Genjir
39、o Tada, Shoichi Yamamoto and Takayuki Kato American Institute for Chemical EngineersCenter for Chemical Process SafetyElectrostatic Ignitions of Fires and Explosions; Thomas H. Pratt, PhD, PE American Institute for Chemical EngineersCenter for Chemical Process SafetyAvoiding Static Ignition Hazards
40、in Chemical Operations, Laurence G. Britton Electrostatic Ignition Hazards in Motor CarsOccurrence, Detection and PreventionProceedings ESA/IEEE Joint Meeting on Electrostatics, June 24-27, 2003, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, 78-89, U. von Pidoll 3. Definitions In addition to this section, re
41、fer also to the Electrostatic Discharge Association publication: Glossary of Terms (ESDA Adv. 1.0). 3.1 Accumulation An increase in the amount of electrostatic charge present on a fuel system component resulting from a rate of charge dissipation that is slower than the rate at which charge is delive
42、red. 3.2 Assembly A group of parts or components that form a self-contained unit designed to perform two or more specific functions. Examples are fuel pump/sender assembly, fuel tank assembly, fuel rail assembly, and fuel line assembly. 3.3 Bonding An intentional electrical connection made between c
43、omponents for equalizing electrical potential between the components. 3.4 Breakdown Voltage Potential difference which gives rise to an electric field of sufficient intensity to cause dielectric breakdown in a material. SAE J1645 Revised AUG2006 - 7 - 3.5 Capacitance A measure of the amount of elect
44、ric charge stored for a given electric potential. The capacitance is defined as the total electric charge (measured in Coulombs) placed on an object divided by the potential of the object (measured in volts): C = Q / V (Eq. 1) The unit of measure is the Farad (F). 3.6 Charge Quantity of unbalanced e
45、lectricity on (or in) a body; i.e., an excess or deficiency of electrons, giving the body negative or positive electrification, respectively. The unit of measure is the Coulomb (Q). Q = CV (Eq. 2) where: C is the capacitance of the body (F) V is the difference in electrical potential between the bod
46、y and ground (V). Q is the amount of charge (in coulomb C) 3.7 Chargeability For the purpose of this Recommended Practice, the propensity of a liquid to generate charge separation during flow through a specified component or series of components. This is defined as streaming current (A) generated di
47、vided by liquid flow rate (measured in m 3/s). The unit of measure is C/m 3 (as for charge density). 3.8 Charge Density The net electric charge per unit volume (volume charge density) or electric charge per unit area (surface charge density). The unit of measure is Coulombs per cubic meter (C/m 3) a
48、nd Coulombs per square meter (C/m2). 3.9 Charged Plate Monitor Electrical measuring system. Employs high voltage source, isolated test surface, timing circuitry, and electrostatic field meter to provide quantitative measurements of a given material or a components reaction to static charges. SAE J16
49、45 Revised AUG2006 - 8 - 3.10 Component A part or product that performs a single function in its smallest assembled state. Examples are fuel pump, float rod, inline fuel filter, and fuel tank shell. 3.11 Conductance A property of component or sub-system indicating how easily it allows the flow of electric current through it as measured between two electrodes placed in specified positions. Reciprocal of resistance (1/). The unit of measure is the Siemen (S). See also conductivity
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