sfpe handbook of Fire Protection Engineering:Section One:Fundamentals.pdf
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1、SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering Third Edition Editorial Staff Philip J. DiNenno, P.E. (Hughes Associates, Inc.), Editor-in-Chief Dougal Drysdale, PhD. (University of Edinburgh), Section 1 Craig L. Beyler, PhD. (Hughes Associates, Inc.), Section 2 W. Douglas Walton, P.E. (National Instit
2、ute of Standards and Technology), Section 3 Richard L. P. Custer (Arup Fire USA), Section 4 John R. Hall, Jr., PhD. (National Fire Protection Association), Section 5 John M. Watts, Jr., PhD. (The Fire Safety Institute), Section 5 National Fire Protection Association Quincy, Massachusetts Society of
3、Fire Protection Engineers Bethesda, Maryland FM.QXD 3/3/2003 4:26 PM Page iii Section One Fundamentals 1-OPENER.QXD 11/14/2001 11:42 AM Page 1 Chapter 1-1Introduction to Mechanics of Fluids Fluid Properties1-1 Fluid Statics and Buoyancy1-3 Kinematics of Fluid Motion1-5 Dynamics of Incompressible Flu
4、ids1-10 Flow Similarity and Dimensional Analysis1-14 Boundary Layers1-15 Flows in Pipes and Ducts1-17 Building Aerodynamics and Applications to Fire Engineering1-20 Nomenclature1-25 References Cited1-26 Chapter 1-2Conduction of Heat in Solids Introduction1-27 Equation of Heat Conduction1-28 One-Dime
5、nsional, Transient Equation1-33 Numerical Techniques1-38 Limitations1-41 Nomenclature1-42 References Cited1-43 Chapter 1-3Convection Heat Transfer Introduction1-44 Concepts and Basic Relations1-44 Nomenclature1-71 References Cited1-72 Chapter 1-4Radiation Heat Transfer Introduction1-73 Basic Concept
6、s1-73 Basic Calculation Methods1-75 Thermal Radiation Properties of Combustion Products1-79 Application to Flame and Fire1-83 Nomenclature1-88 References Cited1-89 Chapter 1-5Thermochemistry The Relevance of Thermochemistry in Fire Protection Engineering1-90 The First Law of Thermodynamics1-90 Heats
7、 of Combustion1-92 Heats of Formation1-94 Rate of Heat Release in Fires1-95 Calculation of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures1-96 Nomenclature1-97 References Cited1-98 Chapter 1-6Chemical Equilibrium Relevance of Chemical Equilibrium to Fire Protection1-99 Introduction to the Chemical Equilibrium Constant
8、1-99 Generalized Definition of Equilibrium Constant1-101 Simultaneous Equilibria1-101 The Quantification of Equilibrium Constants1-101 Carbon Formation in Oxygen-Deficient Systems1-102 Departure from Equilibrium1-104 Sample Problems1-104 Computer Programs for Chemical Equilibrium Calculations1-109 N
9、omenclature1-109 Reference Cited1-109 Chapter 1-7Thermal Decomposition of Polymers Introduction1-110 Polymeric Materials1-111 Physical Processes1-112 Chemical Processes1-113 Interaction of Chemical and Physical Processes1-114 Experimental Methods1-115 General Chemical Mechanisms1-118 General Physica
10、l Changes during Decomposition1-122 Implications for Fire Performance1-123 Behavior of Individual Polymers1-124 References Cited1-130 Chapter 1-8Structural Mechanics Introduction1-132 Statical Analysis for Reactions1-133 Statical Analysis for Internal Forces1-133 Failure Modes1-134 Structural Design
11、 for Fire Conditions1-142 Summary1-142 Nomenclature1-143 References Cited1-143 Additional Readings1-143 Chapter 1-9Premixed Burning Introduction1-144 Mechanism of Flame Propagation1-147 Effect of Additives on Flame Propagation1-150 Application to “Real” Fires1-151 Appendix A: Mathematical Treatment
12、of Branching Chain Reactions1-152 References Cited1-153 Chapter 1-10Properties of Building Materials Introduction1-155 Material Characteristics1-155 Survey of Building Materials1-157 Material Properties at Elevated Temperatures1-157 Mechanical Properties1-158 Thermal Properties1-160 Special (Materia
13、l-Specific) Properties1-163 Sources of Information1-165 Steel1-165 Concrete1-168 Brick1-172 Wood1-173 Gypsum1-176 Insulation1-178 Other Miscellaneous Materials1-179 Summary1-179 Nomenclature1-179 References Cited1-180 Chapter 1-11Probability Concepts Introduction1-182 Basic Concepts of Probability T
14、heory1-182 Independence and Conditionality1-184 Random Variables and Probability Distributions1-184 Key Parameters of Probability Distributions1-185 Commonly Used Probability Distributions1-186 Additional Readings1-192 Chapter 1-12 Statistics Introduction1-193 Basic Concepts of Statistical Analysis1
15、-193 Key Parameters of Descriptive Statistics1-194 Correlation, Regression, and Analysis of Variance1-195 Hypothesis Testing in Classical Statistical Inference1-197 Sampling Theory1-200 Characterization of Data from Experimentation or Modeling1-201 Additional Readings1-202 Section 1 Fundamentals 1-O
16、PENER.QXD 11/14/2001 11:42 AM Page 2 11 Fluid Properties Afluid is defined as a substance that has the capacity to flow freely and as a consequence deform continuously when subjected to a shear stress. A fluid can be either a liquid, a vapor, or a gas. For the purposes of fluid flow studies, a very
17、impor- tant distinction is made between compressible fluids and incompressible fluids. In general, the compressibility ef- fects of liquids are so small that they can be regarded as incompressible, whereas gases and vapors can be either compressible or incompressible depending on the forces involved
18、. To simplify analytical investigation of fluid motion, the intermolecular forces of the fluids are ignored, and such a fluid is known as inviscid (i.e., zero viscosity). An incompressible, inviscid fluid is called a perfect fluid. In reality no real fluid is a perfect fluid, but the ef- fects of vi
19、scosity are so small in a perfect fluid that they can be ignored. Density:The density of a fluid is defined as the mass of the fluid per unit volume. The density, :, is therefore de- fined as : C mass volume C m v where m is the mass of fluid of volume, v. If the units of mass are kilograms (kg) and
20、 the volume m3, then the units of density are kg/m3. Specific volume:Specific volume is the reciprocal of density, that is, specific volume (m3/kg) v C 1 : Shear force:The component of total force, F, in a direc- tion tangential to the surface of a body is called the shear force. Similarly, the comp
21、onent perpendicular to the tan- gent is called the normal force. Force is measured in new- tons (N, or 1 kg m/s2). Shear stress:The shear stress, :g(15) Integrating Equation 15 for constant : gives p= :gzC C(16) where g is the acceleration due to gravity, and C is the constant of integration. This e
22、quation is generally known as the hydrostatic equation or Torricellis principle, which states that, at every elevation within a static, homogeneous, and incom- pressible fluid, the static pressure plus the head of fluid above a given datum line, :gz, is constant. Forces on Submerged Surfaces In nume
23、rous engineering design problems involving submerged surfaces (containers, offshore oil rigs, walls of a dam, the walls of a liquid-filled tank, etc.), it is necessary to know the magnitude of forces and the point of action of these forces that act on the surfaces. The total force acting on a submer
24、ged surface is obtained by integrating the pressure over the entire surface area. F C y A pdA(17) If the pressure is constant, then the force on a sub- merged horizontal surface is given by F C pA(18) where A is the total surface area. The point on the surface at which this resultant force acts is c
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