Urban Design:Green Dimensions-THE CITY QUARTER.pdf
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1、 THE CITY QUARTER 8 INTRODUCTION Fundamental to sustainable development is active public participation in decisions which affect the environment. Popular involvement in the planning and management of the environment is most effective at the local level of the quarter, district or neighbourhood. It i
2、s at this scale of planning where the local resident has most knowledge and expertise (Moughtin, 2003). The resident of the neighbourhood has first- hand experience of problems faced by the family, friends and neighbours. There is, therefore, a need to support, develop and institutionalize this loca
3、l participation by creating formal political structures which empower the citizen. The development of local political structures having the power to influence decisions which affect the local environment is the route to fulfilling the ideals of sustainability. This chapter seeks to explore the forms
4、 that the city quarter may take to fulfil this political role in the sustainable city. It has been suggested that the city quarter is the main component of urban design (Gosling and Maitland, 1984). It has also been argued that clearly defined city quarters about 1.5kilometres (1mile) across will be
5、 a major preoccupation of urban designers in the coming decades (Moughtin, 2003). The scale of development in the twentieth century, but particularly after the Second World War, increased significantly both in the public and private sectors. It is now possible to consider the city quarter as a singl
6、e design problem undertaken by one developer or group of collaborating developers working with a single design team. Urban Development Corporations involved with inner city regeneration are involved with major components of the city such as the Isle of Dogs in London or the once-great docks of Liver
7、pool. While there seems broad agreement that the quarter is a legitimate subject for study by the urban designer, there is some doubt about its size and nature. This chapter will therefore, explore the historical origins of the quarter, some reasons given for structuring the city in quarters, the va
8、rious definitions of the quarter, particularly in terms of its size and its structure, and finally the chapter will end with examples of city quarters 159 developed or planned mainly in the last century and an analysis of the qualities required of a quarter in a sustainable city. THE QUARTER IN HIST
9、ORY The Roman city was divided into four quarters by its two main streets, the cardo and decumanus, which crossed at right- angles. Evidence of this quartering of the city is to be seen in many cities of Roman foundation, such as Lucca, which are still important urban centres today (see Figure 6.33)
10、. Alberti refers to many ancient authorities, including Plutarch and Solon, to whom he attributes the notion of dividing the city into areas for different groups. For example, according to Alberti: Curtius writes that Babylon was divided into a number of separate quarters. and Romulus separated knig
11、hts and patricians from plebeians; and Numa divided the plebeians according to their respective employments (Alberti, republished 1955, Book 4, Ch 5 and Book 4, Ch 1). Alberti also quotes Plato as proposing the division of the city into 12 parts: .allotting to each its particular temples and chapels
12、 (Alberti, republished 1955, Book 7, Ch 1). The classical tradition which divides the city into quarters was probably based upon the observation of the natural or unplanned cities of the Ancient World. Cities which appear to develop without the conscious intervention of man are organized into clearl
13、y defined neighbourhoods or quarters. The traditional cities of the Hausa people of Nigeria, for example, are still organized in wards (Moughtin, 1985). Each ward is associated with one of the great medieval gateways and is occupied by a group which practises a common trade. Other wards outside the
14、walls of the old cities of the Hausa are occupied by other ethnic or tribal groups. Closer to home, cities in Britain still have a jewellery quarter or lace market. In Nottingham, like other British cities, there are areas which are named, have clear boundaries and to which people belong. In Notting
15、ham, The Lacemarket, Lenton, Basford, Forest Fields, the Park and others are quarters or neighbourhoods to which people relate either as residents or outsiders. Even to the outsider, these areas are major structuring elements by which the city is understood. Such patterns of quarters, districts or n
16、eighbourhoods are common to most if not all cities and are the basis of perceptive structuring which renders the city intelligible to its citizens (Lynch, 1960). The city in the pre-motor car age developed naturally in the form of a cluster of quarters. The quarter as a major structuring element of
17、the city is not so characteristic of the modern motorized city: The motor car, indeed, not only promotes the dissolution of the city: it virtually demands it. It demands space, and its use is facilitated by dispersal. A city designed for its uninhibited use would be spacious indeed (Houghton-Evans,
18、1975). The city encircled by suburbia is now the common urban form of the developed world. Furthermore, there is widening physical separation of socio-economic groups in the modern city, a process which tends to accelerate with increasing affluence. This separation of different interest groups, thou
19、gh present in the pre-industrial city, was never as endemic as it would now appear to be in the present-day city. When socio-economic pressures stimulate, as they are now doing, this dispersed pattern of development, there is: .the tendency U R B A ND E S I G N :G R E E ND I M E N S I O N S 160 to s
20、eek simplified design structures, which is often abetted by development convenience (Gosling and Maitland, 1984). The result of these tendencies is a coarse- grained city where: .extensive areas of one thing are separated from extensive areas of another thing (Lynch, 1981). The motives, however, whi
21、ch produce a coarse-grained city with extensive areas of single land uses, unsafe centres that die at night such as Skelmersdale new town centre in Lancashire and large socially homogeneous housing estates, are powerful. These powerful motives include the preference for living near similar people wi
22、th similar interests, and the grouping of commercial activities which maximize the locational advantages of a dispersed network of roads. Constraints imposed on the poor by their unequal access to the housing market exacerbate the situation. The forces which are inhibiting the structuring of cities
23、to form fine-grained quarters are real and powerful. Since this is certainly the case, why should the city designer be seeking an alternative city of the future built on an outdated idea from the distant past? More importantly, even if an alternative to the present situation is desirable, is such an
24、 alternative future for the city anything other than a utopian dream? The movement towards sustainable development, environmental protection and the reduction of pollution engenders a new perspective for the city planning professions. The reorientation of planning and design priorities will inevitab
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