Urban Design:Green Dimensions-THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.pdf
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1、THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1 INTRODUCTION The subject matter of this book is the planning and design of ecologically sustainable cities. It is concerned with the process of structuring public space in the city at a time when the global environment appears increasingly fragi
2、le. Any discussion of city planning and urban design, which does not address environmental issues, has little meaning at a time of increasing population pressures on a declining natural resource base, widespread ecological destruction, increasing pollution, ozone layer depletion and climate change.
3、The long-term survival of the planet as a vehicle for sustained human occupation in anything other than a degraded lifestyle is in some doubt: in these circumstances any discussion of the aesthetics of city planning in a pure or abstract form unrelated to environmental concerns could be described as
4、 superficial. Architecture and its sister art, urban design, are said to consist of Commodotie, Firmness and Delight (Wotton, 1969). One aspect of Commodotie in any urban development is sustainability that is, a development which is non- damaging to the environment and which contributes to the citys
5、 ability to sustain its social and economic structures. The pursuit of sustainable city structures presupposes also the development of a built environment of quality: one that Delights. Environmental quality in the city is, in part, determined by aesthetic values. This book aims to explore the probl
6、em of defining quality, the poetry of civic design, but seen against a backcloth of the current concerns about the environment and the imperative of achieving ecologically sound development. The theme of this book is the Green Dimensions of urban design: the second half of its title was chosen with
7、care. Nothing, as far as we know, in the physical universe is permanent; nothing lasts forever. All things have a beginning and an end, including vast cultures, their great empires and cities. Sustainable development is a concept with 1 strict temporal limits: sustainable urban form a mere chimera,
8、a mirage that disappears over the horizon on approach. A degree of sustainability is all that can be achieved in any set of circumstances. It seems appropriate, therefore, to limit a study of sustainability to its dimensions: those factors that, from time to time, appear relevant. Some forms of deve
9、lopment will probably be more sustainable and long-lasting than others. There is no authorative research on sustainable urban forms, only informed speculation about the path to be taken. This is a further reason for the tentative title of the book. It would appear that the Post Modern agenda of the
10、New Urbanists is compatible with much of the theory of sustainable development, particularly those theories of sustainable development of the paler green hue. The current preoccupations of many urban designers are with the vitality and identity of urban areas, the quality of urbanity and the compact
11、 city, urban forms of human scale, which are less dependent upon the use of finite resources while respecting and conserving the natural environment. While there is a general consensus on the features of a sustainable development agenda amongst many working in the field of urban design, nevertheless
12、 there are differences in emphasis, (Carmona et al., 2003). Over a decade ago, Calthorpe (1993) in the USA outlined his principles for the Transit-Oriented-Development: an agenda that many in this country could still accept as a general guide. In summary, the principles of Transit-Orientated Develop
13、ment are: (1) Organize growth on a regional level so that it is compact and transit-supportive. (2) Locate commercial, housing, jobs, parks, and civic uses within walking distance of transit stops. (3) Design pedestrian-friendly street networks which directly connect local destinations. (4) Housing
14、should be a mix of densities, tenure and cost. (5) Sensitive habitat, riparian zones, and high-quality open space should be preserved. (6) Public spaces should be the focus of building orientation and neighbourhood activity. (7) Encourage infill and redevelopment along transit corridors within exist
15、ing neighbourhoods. This then, is the basic urban design agenda, compatible with sustainable development ideas, but is it sufficient for achieving that aim? THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT It has been suggested that the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962 was the start of the modern env
16、ironmental movement (Dobson, 1991). However, the roots of environmentalism may be much deeper. Farmer (1996) has traced the development of Green Sensibility in architecture back to folk buildings and the cult of the cottage through the nineteenth century in the writings of Ruskin, the work of the Ar
17、ts and Crafts movement to the twentieth century and the organic ideas in Modern Architecture. The planning profession could also cite its list of planners with green credentials. Amongst these father figures of the planning world would be Geddes (1949), Howard and the Garden City U R B A ND E S I G
18、N :G R E E ND I M E N S I O N S 2 Movement (1965), and Mumford (1938) with his analysis of the Rise and Fall of Megalopolis. No doubt other disciplines could legitimately cite their own lists of people with deep concerns for the environment, many of them working long before the term sustainable deve
19、lopment was coined. While it is not the intention to downgrade these fine scholarly traditions, nevertheless, for the purpose of this study, and for convenience, the beginnings of the modern environmental movement will be placed in the 1960s. The mood of environmentalism quickened with Rachel Carson
20、s analysis of the inevitable damage caused by large-scale and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Carsons influence was widespread, affecting pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth, in addition to the stimulus she gave to the development of green politics and
21、philosophy. From the USA, Ian McHarg, the Scottish e migre , published his seminal work Design with Nature in 1969, seven years after Carsons warning cry. McHargs ecological thesis spans the disciplines of landscape, architecture and planning: he is one of the founding fathers of sustainable develop
22、ment. McHarg argued that human development should be planned in a manner that took full account of nature and natural processes. Design with Nature in addition to articulating a philosophical position also provided a technique for landscape analysis and design using overlays, a technique which now f
23、orms the basis of GIS, Geographic Information Systems, an important tool for current planning and design. While McHarg was writing in the 1960s, the thrust of his argument still applies today in the twenty- first century. It is their (the merchants) ethos, with our consent, that sustains the slumlor
24、d and the land rapist, the polluters of rivers and atmosphere. In the name of profit they pre-empt the seashore and sterilise the landscape, fell the great forests, fill protective marshes, build cynically in the flood plain. It is the claim of convenience or its illusion that drives the expressway
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