Urban Design:Ornament and Decoration-SKYLINE AND ROOFSCAPE.pdf
《Urban Design:Ornament and Decoration-SKYLINE AND ROOFSCAPE.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Urban Design:Ornament and Decoration-SKYLINE AND ROOFSCAPE.pdf(23页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 INTRODUCTION The city skyline is a prime location for decoration. The skyline and its roofscape can be appreciated from many viewpoints. When viewed from afar the city appears in profile as a distant silhouette. The city profile is often most clearly seen from the arrival points, that is from the g
2、reat city gateways or portals. Alternatively it may appear dramatically in view from highpoints in the surrounding landscape while from elevated positions within the city, panoramic views of roofscape are not unusual. From pavement level within the city, the skyline is appre- ciated in quite a diffe
3、rent way. As the viewer moves about within the city, the roofline which encloses and encircles the streets and squares presents an ever-changing dark silhouette against the paler sky. Landmarks which may be remote from the viewer, the dome of a cathedral or the delicate spire of the local church, st
4、and out from, and impose themselves on, the surrounding skyline. Such landmarks perform the main decorative role in the city skyline: they are the jewels in the crown, often emblematic of the city. Mans intervention between earth and sky is a powerful image of occupation, signifying a meaningful pla
5、ce in a particular locality and having distinct form which makes manifest its genius loci. The decoration of the city, and in particular its skyline, can act as a collective symbol, something that represents the city and with which the citizens can identify it testifies that a group of people share
6、a place and a time, as well as operate in close proximity with a good deal of interdepen- dence (Attoe, 1981). DEFINITIONS Skyline is a very recent term. Until the mid- nineteenth century the word skyline was a synonym for horizon, used in travel literature in reference to the meeting of sky and lan
7、d (Attoe, 1981). Typical dictionary definitions are the line where earth and sky meet, the horizon and the outline of a . . . mountain range seen against the sky. Use of the word skyline in relation to buildings did not appear until the 1890s. Its new currency was directly related to a new building
8、type, the skyscraper. Maitlands American Standard Dictionary of 1891 is the first known dictionary to include the word skyscraper: the meaning given is a very tall building such as now are being built in Chicago 4 SKYLINE AND ROOFSCAPE 6 5 (Attoe, 1981). This intrusion of skyscrapers at the meeting
9、of sky and land necessitated a broadening of the meaning of skyline. Horizon being linear, horizontal and passive in form could not character- ize the aggressive, vertical and thrusting form of mans latest additions to the landscape. Hence skyline assumed this role and was redefined to include build
10、ings seen against the sky. Roofline for the purpose of this book refers to more local condi- tions: the outline of the roof or a group of roofs seen against the sky. Roofscape, a term which became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, denotes the landscape of the roofs seen from above in a panoramic view.
11、 SKYLINE, ROOFSCAPE AND TOPOGRAPHY For the purpose of skyline analysis two contrasting landscape conditions will be studied: the flat site and the hilly or undulating site. Clearly there are many sites which do not fall neatly into the extreme conditions. It is however these extreme conditions which
12、 will form the basis of the discus- sion to follow. There are also other landscape conditions, such as the extent of tree cover or the position, size, form and quality of waterways which are as important as topography for the considera- tion of city form and its decoration. While each unique and ind
13、ividual site will have its effect upon the skyline, the relationship of skyline and topogra- phy is nevertheless both direct and easily recogniz- able. The relationship of skyline and ground form is most easily established when studying the settle- ments built on flat or steeply sloping sites. Analy
14、sing these two contrasting conditions enables a discussion of skylines in settlements in areas of less well-defined landscape forms. As a general rule formal or regular layouts are usually associated with a level site and informal or irregular layouts are a feature of a sloping site. The natural way
15、 to group rectangular buildings is usually at right angles to each other unless there is some overriding reason for doing otherwise. The result of this rational process is a regular layout on the level site. On a steeply sloping site groupings of buildings tend to become informal particularly if the
16、 contours are respected. In traditional hilltop settle- ments the effect of contours on built form is often very apparent: the roads and the accompanying building frontages curve following the contours assiduously, the whole town plan often spreading out with layers of development swelling outwards
17、and downwards from the hilltop core like ripples on a pond. These general principles for normal or usual development on flat or sloping sites, however, require some qualification. Many towns or parts of towns that have developed on flat sites often exhibit irregularities in layout due to organic roa
18、d design, ancient land ownership patterns and respect for existing features in the landscape. Conversely even in the most informal and irregular of hill top towns there often appears a regular structure under- lying the patterns which have evolved. In the case of Priene, dating from the fourth centu
19、ry BC, a complete grid pattern has been implanted on the contours. The most critical problem with sloping sites, particularly the isolated or visually independent hilltop, is the treatment of the summit and profile. A flat site, of itself, has no significance as a natural form, any visual interest d
20、epends upon the objects placed upon it. The hillside, in contrast, has a curved shape silhouetted against the sky: this curve of the hill, because of its form, is interesting. Contrast the pleasures of the drumlin country of County Down or the rolling landscape of the Derbyshire Dales with the unint
21、errupted boredom of some parts of Lincolnshire. An object placed on the ridge of the hill stands out in silhouette adjusting the natural profile of the landscape. Placing objects on the crown or ridge of the hill may turn an other- wise lovely shape into a jagged or serrated skyline. There seem to b
22、e two main ways in which hillside development can be successfully treated. The development can be placed at the base of the U R B A N D E S I G N : O R N A M E N T A N D D E C O R A T I O N 6 6 hill or on its lower slopes. In this case the built form strengthens the base of the hill which rises abov
23、e in an unbroken natural silhouette. When Maddocks, a nineteenth-century engineer and entre- preneur was siting a settlement on his reclaimed land at Traeth Mawr, north-west Wales, he placed Tremadoc, a small planned town, at the edge of the reclaimed land. It was in the shadow of the steep cliff-li
24、ke edge to the flat reclaimed valley floor. In this case the hillside forms a magnificent unspoilt backcloth for the town nestling at its foot. The towns decorative skyline is the natural profile of the hillside while the outline of the buildings takes on the lesser significance of a roofline seen f
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Urban Design:Ornament and Decoration-SKYLINE ROOFSCAPE Design Ornament Decoration SKYLINE
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-3802341.html