Urban Design:Ornament and Decoration-LANDMARKS,SCULPTURE AND FURNITURE.pdf
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1、 INTRODUCTION There are two main aspects of city ornament. The first is the design and ornamentation of the two dimensional planes enclosing the network of streets and squares. This aspect of city ornament has been considered in previous chapters. This chapter deals with the second aspect of city or
2、nament; the design and use of three dimensional objects, both build- ings, major civic monuments and the more utilitar- ian elements of street furniture. The first decorative category, city spaces, falls within Lynchs definition of path and node. The second category, major three-dimensional objects
3、within civic space fits most appropriately the definition of city landmark (Lynch, 1960). The distinction between these partic- ular decorative elements is not exclusive and the boundary between typologies is not precise. For example, landmarks can take the form of a distinc- tive treatment of a wal
4、l surface, where two surfaces meet at a corner or where the roofline of a street elevation terminates in a distinctive and dramatic fashion. Conversely, city paths and nodes are frequently enriched with three dimensional objects, some of which act as landmarks. There are two types of landmark. There
5、 is the purely local landmark which is visible from restricted locations. These are the points of refer- ence by which we give directions to strangers in the locality. They are the innumerable signs, store fronts, door-knobs, and other urban detail, which fill the image of most observers (Lynch, 196
6、0). Without this rich array of local detail the urban scene would be greatly impoverished. The second type of landmark has city-wide relevance: it is a major point of reference shared by a large popula- tion. All landmarks share similar qualities. Unlike the street or square the observer does not en
7、ter into a landmark; they are external and usually a simply defined three dimensional object, a tower, dome or hilltop. Perceptually the form of a landmark is such that it is possible to single it out as an element or group of coherent elements against a background landscape of repetitive detail. Th
8、e city-wide landmark is typically seen from a distance and from many angles, usually over the tops of or between lesser buildings. Both landmark types are important in creating a stimulating image for the observer and in assisting with the reading and understanding of the urban realm. In addition to
9、 these practical reasons for landmarks, they have an important role 6 LANDMARKS, SCULPTURE AND FURNITURE 1 0 3 in creating a memorable urban landscape. The use of the landmark offers to the designer an opportu- nity to embellish the city with an intricate system of civic ornament. It is the landmark
10、s decorative role in building the image of a place that is the chief concern of this chapter. TYPOLOGY OF LANDMARKS In physical terms there are two broad categories of landmarks: those that are natural trees, hills and cliffs and those that are constructed as part of the built environment. The secon
11、d category of landmark divides quite naturally into buildings or parts of buildings and non-buildings or civic furniture. Both sub-categories of landmark again divide. Buildings can be attached or detached. Civic furniture can be singular, one-off elements such as a great piece of sculpture or it ca
12、n be repetitive that is multiple elements such as distinctive street lighting or a particular style and type of sign associated with a town or city quarter. NATURAL FEATURES AS DECORATIVE ELEMENTS In the rural or natural landscape distinctly shaped features rocky outcrops, the single large tree or t
13、he hillside reminiscent of a human form act as landmarks and reference points for orientation. On the smaller more intimate scale, natural local features such as a spring, change of vegetation type, or pronounced variation in geological structure, may provide important clues for image building. More
14、 often such local landmarks show evidence of mans intervention in nature a crossroads, ruined cottage or ancient stone circle. The city, a largely man-made landscape, while no longer structured by ancient countryside lore, nevertheless retains, in mans perceptual organization and image building, an
15、element of an older system of orientation. The landmark is possibly the most important of these memories from the past. The street map, diagram of the underground or metro system may be essential for efficient modern movement in the city, neverthe- less, more ancient clues remain important for a sat
16、is- factory relationship with the environment. Where natural landmarks appear in the urban fabric they perform the task of relating man to his contempo- rary environment but, possibly more importantly, to his deep roots in history. Such features are rare and should be protected. Nottingham is privil
17、eged to possess a massive rocky outcrop on which sits an architecturally uninspired castle (Figure 6.1). The rock on which the castle stands is riddled with caves and dungeons; it has a long history of settle- ment associated with the now culverted River Leen. Because of its long association with No
18、ttinghams growth and development, it remains an important symbol, a historic landmark in the life of the city. However, from a visual point of view, it is the castle which from a distance announces the presence of the rock below. The same effect is attained in other cities, castles in Prague and Bud
19、apest being prime examples (Figure 6.2). The rocky outcrop from which Edinburgh Castle springs is probably a better U R B A N D E S I G N : O R N A M E N T A N D D E C O R A T I O N 1 0 4 Figure 6.1 The Castle Rock, Nottingham 6.1 known example of a natural landmark. Visitors to the city of Edinburg
20、h walk down Princes Street fully prepared for the sight of the castle but perhaps unaware of its sheer dominance in the urban landscape. A further example of the natural landmark is the rock of Mont St Michel in France, though in this case, the landmark has been signifi- cantly transformed by mans b
21、uilding activities which have stretched and extended natures rocky form. Natural features which are used for local landmarks and by which we structure the immedi- ate neighbourhood include rivers, trees, local open space and scrubland. A great loss to the urban environment has been the culverting of
22、 the many smaller streams that once ran through the landscape which has now been colonized for urban land uses. The process of culverting arose because of the heavy pollution of streams in urban areas. It may now be apposite to consider de-culverting and naturalizing some of the many lost rivers run
23、ning beneath city streets in concrete channels. A proce- dure such as this would return to the environment some of its lost visual and perceptual richness. It would also assist in reversing the process whereby the wasteful run-off of surface water in cities lowers the water table, damages undergroun
24、d aquifers and adds to the volume and therefore the cost of sewage treatment. Natural vegetation, because of its rarity in cities, is often important in the perceptual image of the resident, particularly for children and young teenagers. Even the most derelict of wasteland can be a treasured landmar
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