A brief interpretation of cohesive devices from the aspects of lexicon and grammar 英语专业毕业论文.doc
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1、A brief interpretation of cohesive devices from the aspects of lexicon and grammar1 IntroductionCohesion is the local coherence relations between adjacent sentences in discourse. It is a necessary (though not a sufficient) condition for the creation of a text. It plays a vital role in discourse anal
2、ysis, translation, writing, conversation and so on. The publication of Cohesion in English authored by Halliday&Hasan (1976) marks the setting up of the theory of cohesion. According to them, whether a series of sentences can make up a text or not lies in the cohesion and coherence among sentences.
3、They think that the coherence of a text shows in two aspects: first, a text is coherent in situation, which shows in register consistency. Second, a text is coherent in itself, which means it must be cohesive. From this we can safely draw the conclusion that cohesion is indispensable in any coherent
4、 text, that is to say, “cohesion is a necessary (though not a sufficient) condition for the creation of a text.”(Halliday&Hasan, 1976, 298-299) Discourse cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices. This paper aims at concluding ways of realizing cohesion from two aspectslexic
5、on and grammar and giving an example to show the function of cohesion in English discourse, so that English learners can get some inspiration from this paper on how to understand English discourse comprehensively and correctly.2 The realization of cohesion2.1 From the perspective of lexicon2.1.1 A b
6、rief introduction of lexical cohesionHalliday points out in his book Cohesion in English that lexical cohesion is using lexical repetition, synonymy, hyponymy and other sense relations to connect sentences of English discourse together. Lexical cohesion is a way to realize coherence by choosing word
7、s, namely it mainly deals with the sense relations among words in English discourse. If used appropriately, it will be of great help in the achieving of the coherence of English discourse.Huang Guowen represents in his book The Theory and Practice of Discourse Analysis (2001, 116) that lexical cohes
8、ion refers to the realization of semantic coherence through the repetition of words, synonymy, antonymy, and the relation among words of whole and part.Hu Zhuanglin defines lexical cohesion in his book Cohesion and Coherence of Discourse as the sense relations of a part of words in discourse, such a
9、s lexical repetition, substitution or the usage of both means.As for this paper, lexical cohesion will be interpreted from five aspects: lexical repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and lexical collocation.2.1.2 Lexically cohesive devices and their respective functions2.1.2.1 Lexical repetitionL
10、exical repetition refers to the reappearance of words with the same meaning and form in discourse. This means can be applied to the organization of discourse to achieve semantic coherence and the cohesion of context. For example:(1) How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty wit
11、h love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face; (William Bulter Yeats, When You Are Old)This poem frankly expresses the poets pure love for his lover, Maud Gonne. The repetition of the word “loved” in the above four lines makes the discours
12、e natural, and it strongly shows the poets affection for his lover, making a deep impression on readers.2.1.2.2 SynonymySynonymy is the using of words with the same or approximate meaning in discourse. Synonymy can be used to organize paragraph, generate discourse and make the paragraph more express
13、ive. For example:(2) Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself,Stop here or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain; (William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)In order to emphasize the loneliness of the reaper, the p
14、oet chooses three words “single, alone, solitary” and one expression “by herself” in the six lines of the poem, showing that the reaper is lonely and her life is tough. 2.1.2.3 Antonymy Antonymy can be defined as the contrast of words in discourse, which is the two opposite aspects of one thing. The
15、 fundamental usage of antonymy in a sentence or discourse is to make contrast between two different components and to describe something or a certain phenomenon from two different aspects, so that the cohesion of sentences or discourse can be realized as well as enhancing the expressiveness of langu
16、age and making a vivid impression on readers. For example:(3) We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end, as well as beginning-signifying renewal, as well as change. (John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address)The above sentence is abstracted from the speech of
17、John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of America, on January 20, 1961 to call for unification and peace. In 1961, America was troubled with serious economic crisis. What made matter worse was that America got involved in the Cold War against the Soviet Union. In this speech Kennedy expressed his expec
18、tation that Americans should get together to end the past divided scene and create a new peaceful international situation. The contrast between “end” and “beginning” not only means the end of the presidency of the last president and the beginning of a new one, but also hints his expectation.2.1.2.4
19、HyponymyLexical cohesiveness can also be realized by hyponymy, namely the meaning of a component is included in the meaning of another component, in other words “A is a kind of B”. There are two types of hyponymy. First, superordinate occurs before hyponyms, in this way the hyponyms can further expl
20、ain the superordinate. It is a cohesive device to make meaning clearer. For example:(4) Think about the last time you felt a negative emotion-like stress, anger, or frustration. (Jennifer Givler, Clear Your Mental Space)In the above sentence, “stress”, “anger”, and “frustration” are the hyponyms of
21、the superordinate words “negative emotion”. These words explain what kind of emotion is negative emotion and makes the sentence clear in meaning and cohesive internally. Second, superordinate appears after hyponyms. On this occasion, the superordinate plays the cohesive role of classifying or genera
22、lizing the hyponyms. For example:(5) “The one you keep in the hotel. Jaguar, aint it?”“In what conceivable way does our car concern you?” (Arthur Hailey, Blackmail) Generally speaking, most of us have no idea about what “Jaguar” is, but “car” helps to make a further explanation to “Jaguar” by classi
23、fying it into vehicle. Therefore, hyponymy is a significant means of lexicon cohesion.2.1.2.5 Lexical collocationLexical collocation refers to a series of relevant words co-occur frequently in discourse. Lexical collocation serves as guidance for the generation and explanation of linguistic informat
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