Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure and Countermeasures—A Case Based on College Students in Ningbo 学年论文.doc
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1、Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure and CountermeasuresA Case Based on College Students in Ningbo 1 Introduction Learning a second language is to develop the pragmatic competence, including language competence and application (He,1997). Bechman believes that linguistic competence includes organizationa
2、l competence and pragmatic competence. The former means the accuracy of the language, the latter refers to the appropriateness of the language in the certain situation (Bechman,1990) .Pragmatic failure was first proposed by Thomas (1983), referring to the inability to understand “what is meant by wh
3、at is said” (Thomas, 1983). The failures above render it more difficult for college students in the crosscultural communication, thus being the main causes of pragmatic failures. Based on the case study of college students in Ningbo, the article is meant to find out the pragmatic failure existed in
4、college students when talking with native speakers and give some countermeasures to pragmatic failure. 2 Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough students have learned a great number of vocabulary, phrases and sentences and known a few grammar rules, they may not speak with proper
5、language, causing the pragmatic failure. As a result, misunderstanding happens in response to greetings, saying goodbye, showing gratitude and answering for apologies, etc.According to the survey among the Ningbo College students, 19% of English learners, who learn English for many years, follow the
6、 Chinese greeting customs to express their greetings to their western friends. Another cause for pragmatic failure exists in the misunderstanding by the unawareness of target-language culture.In order to express their care to other people, Chinese people want to inquire other peoples age, address, j
7、ob and their income. Such questions are the privacy for westerners.Chinese people seem to pay little attention to the concept of privacy while native English speakers value their privacy very much. Questions about a persons age, marital status, salary or the price of an item are perfectly acceptable
8、 in Chinese culture, but they are not in Western culture. The analysis of three types of pragmatic failures above reveals that the studentspragmatic competence is not adequately developed. They made mistakes where it was common sense for western customs and culture. They proved to be insufficient in
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