On Verbal Humor in the American Soap Opera Friends 英语专业毕业论文.doc
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1、On Verbal Humor in the American Soap Opera Friends一、 课题(论文)提纲0.引言1.关于幽默 1.1幽默语言的学习 1.2合作原则和会话含义的介绍2.分析幽默语在情景喜剧老友记里的运用2.1量的准则2.2质的准则2.3关系准则2.4方法准则3.关于幽默语的讨论4.结论二、内容摘要 美国情景喜剧老友记中的言语幽默在一定程度上阻碍了英语学习者对该喜剧的欣赏。本文以语用学的合作原则和会话含义理论为基础,从幽默会话对合作原则及其次准则的蔑视现象以及幽默会话中的隐含意义两个方面对美国情景喜剧老友记中的言语幽默进行了探讨,并分析了老友记中的言语幽默效果。本
2、研究有助于提高英语学习者欣赏该喜剧,同时提高学习者理解美式幽默的能力。三、 参考文献1 何兆熊主编. 新编语用学概要M. 上海.上海外语教育出版社.1999.2 何自然. 语用学与英语学习M. 上海.上海外语教育出版社.1997.3 胡范铸. 幽默语言学M. 上海.上海社会科学院出版社.1987.4 刘乃实. 试析幽默的语用合作原则J. 清华大学研究教育.2002(2): 143-147.5 毛荣贵. 英语幽默语言赏析M. 上海.上海社会科学院出版社. 1993.6 吴清. 合作原则和情景喜剧中的幽默J. 江南大学学报. 2005(2).107-110. On Verbal Humor in
3、the American Soap Opera FriendsAbstract: The verbal humor in the famous American soap opera Friends, to a certain degree, prevents the English learners from appreciating the soap opera effectively. This thesis, based on Cooperative Principle (CP) and Conversational Implication Theory, analyses how v
4、erbal humor flouts each of the four Cooperative Principles and how to understand the implied meaning behind the humorous conversations. Meanwhile, the effects of verbal humor are illustrated in details. The study is sure to help English learners to appreciate the soap opera and improve their ability
5、 in understanding the American humor.Keywords: verbal humor;Friends;cooperative principle ; conversational implication 0 Introduction The American soap opera Friends is one of the most famous and welcome in America and in the world for its unique conversational humor. The verbal humor in Friends is
6、the typical humor with American characteristics, which sometimes is hard for non-native English speakers to understand. Hence, detailed pragmatic analysis of the verbal humor in Friends is helpful to improve English learners understanding and appreciation of the nature of American humor. At the same
7、 time, it is illuminating to apply humor skills to mediate interpersonal relationships.1About humor 11 studies on humor In recent years, an increasing amount of studies on humor has caught the attention of scholars at home and abroad. However, these studies discuss humor always from psychological or
8、 linguistic angles. Walter Nash considers that “the humor of psychological and social satire is expressed to a very great extent through the flaws and connections of speech acts, the contractual failures of parties to conversation”. He points out humorous conversations occur because “those exchanges
9、 violate the maxims of ordinary conversation, as formulated in a well-known paper by H. P. Grice”. Chinese Professor Mao Ronggui studies humor from linguistic view. He divides humorous language into two types: rhetorical humor and non-rhetorical humor. According to the study of Professor Mao, the rh
10、etorical humor is produced through using various tropes, including oxymoron, transferred epithet, zeugma, anticlimax, pun, irony, parody, paradox, and the non-rhetorical humor is created by lexical deviation and deviation of register. Besides, many scholars in China have done researches on humor bas
11、ed on pragmatic theories. However, the studies in this field have not reached the stage of maturity, and they are rather insufficient or lack of authority in China, let alone the pragmatic studies on the humorous conversations in American sitcoms Friends since it just came into being in the 1990s. 1
12、.2 The cooperative principle and conversational implication The studies on the humor in Friends are rather insufficient as it became popular in China just in the 1990 so that the studies in this field still have a long way to reach the stage of maturity. In this case, this thesis is made to research
13、 and focuses on explaining the relationship between the verbal humor and the Cooperative Principle to show the ways in which the verbal humor in the American soap opera Friends flouts the four principles, the humorous effect is triggered and the implied message behind the humor is conveyed. Here com
14、es to Grices Cooperative Principle and his conversational implication theory. Grice suggests that “there is a set of over-arching assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. These arise, it seems, from basic rational considerations and may be formulated as guidelines for the efficient and effec
15、tive use of language in conversation to further co-operative ends”. His idea is that in order to carry on the talk the participants must be willing to cooperative in making conversation. Participants in conversation have the obligation to give adequate and accurate information, and to make relevant
16、responses. Grice identifies as guidelines four basic maxims of conversation, called the Cooperative Principle, or CP for short. They are introduced as follows:The co-operative principleMake your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction o
17、f the talk exchange in which you are engagedThe principle of qualityTry to make your contribution on that is true, specifically: a. do not say what you believe to be false b. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidenceThe principle of quantity a. make your contribution as informative as is
18、required for the current purposes of the exchange b. do not make your contribution more informative than is required The principle of relevance Make your contributions relevant The principle of manner Be perspicuous, and specifically: a. avoid obscurity b. avoid ambiguity c. be brief d. be orderly2
19、Analysis of humor in Friends There are a large number of humorous dialogues in Friends. Therefore, the humorous dialogues had to be classified according to the factor or the reason of creating humor. Those that flout four principles were chosen to be explained in details. Humor is usually caused by
20、the deliberate violation of the CP by participants of the conversation. Different from daily conversation, humor is the embodiment of wisdom. It is jocular and witty and usually makes people laughing. One characteristic of humor is that the language used in it is implicit. It is not in a straightfor
21、ward way to express ideas or put forward some criticizing or complaining comments. Besides, it discloses things or ideas which are absurd or unreasonable in a tactful and implicit way. People keep thinking and inferring, and try to grasp the intended meaning and underlying message through the langua
22、ge of humor. 2.1 The principle of quality By the principle of quality, it is meant that in a dialogue we all try to make our contribution to one thing that is true or say things that are true. To keep to this principle, we simultaneously observe two sub-principles: we do not say what we believe to b
23、e false, and we do not say anything we lack adequate evidence. 2.1.1 “ Joey: What are you talking about? Keep it!Phoebe: Its not mine, I didnt earn it, if I kept it, it would be like stealing. Rachel: Yeah, but if you spent it, it would be like shopping! Phoebe: Okay. Okay, lets say I bought a reall
24、y great pair of shoes. Do you know what Id hear, with every step I took? Not-mine. Not-mine. Not-mine. And even if I was happy, okay, and, and skipping- Not-not-mine, not-not-mine, not-not-mine, not-not-mine.” (Friends, 1994) This dialogue appears in the scene that one day Phoebe discovers there is
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