The Contradiction and Unification of theEquivalent Effect in Translation(硕士论文) .doc
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1、The Contradiction and Unification of theEquivalent Effect in Translation翻译等效的矛盾与统一专业名称iContentsAbstract in ChineseAbstract in EnglishChapterIntroduction1ChapterEquivalent Effect41.1 A brief review of the concept of equivalent effect41.2 Criticism on EE91.3 Equivalent effect is difficult to achieve12
2、ChapterLinguistic Differences and Translation142.1 Phonological differences142.2 Lexical differences162.2.1 Words have the same referential meaning,but with different connotative meaning172.2.2 Words have similar referential meaning and different connotative meaning172.2.3 Lexical zero182.2.4 Differ
3、ent segmentation of the meaning in the source and target languages192.2.5 Words used in figures of speech192.3 Grammatical differences202.3.1 Tense and aspect212.3.2 Modality222.3.3 Voice232.4 Textual differences242.4.1 Cohesion252.4.2 Coherence27ChapterCultural Differences and Translation293.1 Defi
4、nition of culture293.1.1 Culture and language VS culture and translation293.1.2 Cultural differences and translation303.1.3 Classification of cultural differences313.2 Historical cultural differences313.3 Geographical differences333.4 Religious cultural differences353.5 Differences in custom culture
5、36ChapterStrategies to Resolve the Contradiction between the ST and the TT39ii4.1 Translators must be bilingual394.2 Translators should be bicultural404.3 Translators should be knowledgeable414.4 Translators should be skillful414.5 Earnest devotion to the task43ChapterConclusion44Bibliography46i翻译等效
6、的矛盾与统一研究生:薛金凤导师姓名:唐高元教授学科专业:英语语言文学硕士研究方向:翻译理论与实践年级:2003级中文摘要等效论(equivalent effect)是最重要而又最具争议的西方翻译理论之一。“等效”或“动态对等”,正如尤金A.Nida所阐述,是一种旨在使译文接受者对译文信息的反应与原文接受者对原文的反应基本一致。等效论的提出被认为是翻译界的一大贡献,因其将读者的反应作为一重要因素加以考虑,对翻译质量的评价从单纯的译文对原文的文本对等转移到译文功能的对等。故于一段时期内“等效”论曾被认为是翻译工作者应遵循的金科玉律。然而,随着翻译理论与实践研究的深入,许多翻译理论家与译者纷纷指出等
7、效论本身的局限性。他们认为,由于两种语言和文化的巨大差异,读者反应的不确定性和不可测定性,绝对等效是不可能的。目前,人们对等效论的批评以至于到了几乎全面否定的态度。笔者认为,我们应从哲学的角度,用辨证的观点重新审视“等效”论对翻译理论与实践的指导作用。绝对等效是可望而不可及的,然而相对等效经过努力是应该达到的,也是可以达到的。矛盾的普遍性告诉我们,“世界上的每一差异中就已经包含着矛盾,差异就是矛盾。矛盾是普遍的绝对的,存在于一切事物的发展过程中,又贯穿于一切过程的始终”(毛泽东选集,1964:281)。翻译就是一个充满矛盾的过程。按照矛盾的普遍性原理,翻译从开始(原文)到结束(译文)都存在着矛
8、盾,因为原文与译文之间存在着译入语、译入语文化和原语、原语文化的很大、很多差异,而这些差异就是矛盾。而翻译则是一个认识、研究差异、即矛盾,并设法解决矛盾,以求达到原文与译文等效或者说矛盾统一这一宗旨的过程。同样,矛盾的特殊性也告诉我们,“任何运动形式,其内部都包含着本身特殊的矛盾。这种特殊的矛盾就构成一事物区别与它事物的特殊本质”(毛泽东选集,1964:283-284)。只有了解一事物的矛盾特殊性,才能具体情况具体分析,才会找到特殊的解决办法。翻译的特殊矛盾就是译者要用一种语言(译入语)去表达原作者用另一种语言(原语)表达的思想。也就是表达同一思想的两个面对面的语言之间的矛盾。语言与文化是密不
9、可分的,文化差异造成的翻译矛盾甚至更甚于语言。本文将探讨两种语言在语音、词汇、语法、篇章上的差异,以及历史文化差异、地理环境差异、宗教文化差异、习俗文化差异等几点上是如何影响翻译等效的。矛盾是对立的又是统一的。所以,译者必须熟练掌握两种语言,了解两种文化背景和熟练掌握翻译技巧,应在翻译过程中不断发现、深刻认识、分ii析、判断译文与原文之间存在的语言与文化等方面的差异或矛盾,并努力探索出解决这些矛盾的策略,以期达到消解原文与译文之间的矛盾,从而达到所期盼的“等效”或统一。笔者认为这就是翻译理论界与翻译工作者追求、希冀之所在。关键词:原文译文矛盾统一语言差异文化差异等效iiiThe Contrad
10、iction and Unification of theEquivalent Effect in TranslationPostgraduate:Xue Jinfeng Supervisor:Prof.Tang GaoyuanMajor:English Language and Literature Research Orientation:Translation TheoryGrade:2003 and PracticeAbstractEquivalent effect(EE)is one of the most important and controversial western tr
11、anslationtheories.EE or dynamic equivalence(DE),as was explained by Eugene A.Nida,is intended thatthe receptors should respond to the target language(TL)messages with substantially the samemanner as the source language(SL)receptors do to the original.EE was regarded as a greatcontribution to the fie
12、ld of translation because it takes the readers responses intoconsideration in translating,this is said to shift the attention on the relationship of the ST to theTT in terms of form and content to the relationship between the receptors and the respective texts.So in quite a long period,EE was regard
13、ed as an“unalterable precious precept”by thetranslation workers.However,with the development of translation theory and practice,manytranslators,or translation theorists point out that EE is never possible because of the vastdifferences between the two languages and the two cultures,and of the uncert
14、ainty andunpredictability of readersresponses.Recently,EE receives more and more fierce criticism,andit seems to be completely denied.In the authors opinion,it is imperative for us to take adialectical thinking way to look at the guidance of EE on translation theory and practice from theperspective
15、of philosophy.Absolute equivalence is desirable but out of our reach.However,similar equivalence can be achieved through the translatorsefforts.The law of universality of contradiction tells us that.“each and every difference alreadycontains contradiction and that difference itself is contradiction.
16、Contradiction is universal andabsolute.It is present in the process of the development of all things and permeates every processfrom beginning to end”(Mao Tse-tung,1964:318).According to the law of universality ofcontradiction,translation is a process which within itself has its own contradiction fr
17、ombeginning(the ST)to end(the TT),because there are a great many differences between the targetlanguage,the target language culture and the source language,the source language culture.Thesedifferences are the contradictions.Translation is a process of determining,analyzing thedifferences or contradi
18、ctions and resolving the contradictions for equivalent effect or theunification of the source text and the target text.Similarly,the law of particularity of contradiction also tells us that“every form of motioncontains within itself its own particular contradiction.This particular contradiction cons
19、titutesivthe particular essence which distinguishes one thing from another”(ibid:320).Only after weknow the particular contradiction of one thing,can we find suitable ways to resolve thecontradictions.The particular contradiction in translation is that a translator has to use the targetlanguage to e
20、xpress the original authors ideas expressed by the source language.Thus thecontradiction is between the same idea and the two forms.Then what the translator confrontsdirectly are the contradictions between the two languages.Language and culture are inseparable.Nida once said that culture might cause
21、 more serious problems than language did in translating.This thesis aims at analyzing how linguistic and cultural differences influence the achievementof equivalent effect.The contradictions are contradictory and can be united.Translators should be bilingual,bicultural,skillful,and knowledgeable eno
22、ugh to determine and analyze the differences orcontradictions between the two languages and the two cultures,and endeavor to provide newmethods or strategies of resolving the contradictions in translating with intent to achieveequivalent effect.This is what the translation theorists and translators
23、are always in pursuit of.Keywords:the source text;the target text;contradiction;unification;linguistic differences;cultural differences;equivalent effect1ChapterIntroductionEquivalent effect(EE)is one of the most important and controversial western translationtheories.Many great scholars have dedica
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