Nonverbal Communication and Body Language 英语论文.doc
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1、Nonverbal Communication and Body Language1 IntroductionVerbal communication is defined as spoken communication, including the use of words and intonation to convey meaning. On the other hand, non-verbal communication is “silent” communication, including the use of gestures, postures, position, eye c
2、ontact, facial expressions, and conversational distance. An investigation into the functions of verbal and non-verbal communication shows: the total impact=7% verbal feeling+38% vocal feeling+55% facial expressions. This result reflects the important role of nonverbal communication in daily communic
3、ation. As David Abercrombie said: “We can speak in vocal organs, but we can use nonverbal gesture to communicate.”As one means of nonverbal communication, body language is the most natural part of non-verbal communication and it plays an important role in non-verbal communication. Just like verbal l
4、anguage, body language is also the carrier and container of culture. The same body language in two cultures has different meaning, so studying the culture and differences of body language in cross-culture communication is very important.1.1 Nonverbal Communication and Body Language“Nonverbal communi
5、cation is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and express specific meaning instinctively to the other communicator.”(Guan yanxiang,2004,p90) The study of nonverbal communication covers three major parts: proxemics, kinesics or body languag
6、e, and paralanguage. Kinesics is also called body language, which studies the meanings of the movement of all parts of body and it includes many nonverbal behavior such as eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, touch and so on. In Websters New Dictionary, kinesics is defined as “to sy
7、stematically study nonverbal body action (such as blush, eye movements, etc) and communication.” Samovar once says that “Kinesics is the systematic study of body language movements and action,” and through the study, kinesics makes these action and behaviors formalized and encoded. Hu Wenzhong says
8、that space and orientation, and seating arrangement are also parts of body language. (Hu Wenzhong, 1995;23) Collins English Language Dictionary gives the following definition: Body language is the way in which you show your feeling or thoughts to other people by means of the position or movement of
9、your body rather than words. The definition of body language in this paper can be regarded as one in a wide sense, it includes sign gesture, body gestures, eye contact, facial expression and touch.1.2 The Functions of Body Language Body language is one means of nonverbal communication. It is the mos
10、t natural part of non-verbal communication and it helps verbal communication achieve effective communication. Body language has three major functions: assisting, substituting and expressing or hiding emotional feelings. ( 胡文仲 ,1998.10 ) During the study of communication, researchers just pay attenti
11、on to the verbal communication without paying attention to body language, however, the message and information conveyed by body language is far better than words. For example, when we tell people how to get to the nearest hospital, we are not only telling them the direction but also pointing to the
12、direction with hands. We often suggest that our talk is over by our tone, eyes, head nodding and other body language. For example, the manager stands up to show the end of the interview.1.3 The Classification of Body Language Body language is the richest kind of nonverbal language. It is estimated t
13、hat man can do more than 270,000 kinds of postures and actions, which are more than all the sounds they can make. Samovar employs the terms body behavior to mean body language. He divides it into appearance, clothing, body action, facial expression, eye contacts, starting, touch, ect. And he even co
14、llects paralanguage and show off his language into this category.To some item, people have reached an agreement on whether they should belong to the scope of nonverbal or not. Such as figure, smell and some signals. Since body language covers too many items, and the research in this field has progre
15、ssed rapidly, it is not necessary for us to make an accurate definition on its scope. But starting from cross-cultural communications, and combining with what has been achieved by western scholars, we can roughly divide the category of body language into three types: those of facial expression, gest
16、ure and action. They offer supplementary functions to verbal language, and some can replace verbal language for communication, and some even express much richer ideas. 1.4 Culture and Body LanguageIn cross-cultural communication, we must clearly understand non-verbal communication and the relationsh
17、ip between cultures. Culture and the vast majority of non-verbal communication are handed down from generation to generation and acquired acquisition, and the long historical and culture heritage of a society form a common habit. The relationship between the two, Samovar thought, is that culture and
18、 non-verbal communication are inseparable, many nonverbal behavior is the result of culture acquisition, peoples non-verbal behavior and the effects are usually formed by a culture environment. Therefore, understanding non-verbal communication and the relationship between cultures is essential. If w
19、e dont understand the non-verbal communication from different culture, it is possible that we can make mistakes in understanding the other person. A normal action in this culture will be abnormal in another one. A positive behavior in one culture will be negative in another. People from China advoca
20、te modesty, tolerance, mutual-support and responsibility for the group. But American people admire independence, self-respect, free development, and requiring individual space and so on.2 Comparison of Chinese Culture and American Culture2.1 The core factors of American cultureThe USA is a country w
21、hich has a short history of only about more than 2 hundred years, it is a nation of modernization which is totally open to the outside world. The main content of American culture is the emphasis on individuals value, the pursuit of democracy and freedom, the promotion of competition and the need for
22、 realist and practicality. Its core is individualism: personal need and pursuit of individual benefit and enjoyment is given priority, achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design is highly valued. This type of intentionally build-up of personality and pursuit of customized individualis
23、m has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire soci
24、ety lack of unity.American citizens emphasize achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes. Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind. Americans have very strong senses of success. Success is the pursuit of
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