英语专业毕业论文-托马斯哈代的宿命论在苔丝中的体现.docx
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1、Thomas Hardys Fatalism embodied in Tess of DUrbervillesAbstract Thomas Hardy is unique as a novelist in the history of English literature. He focuses on the poors fate and animadverts the world, reveals the evil of society. His novels are full of fatalism. In his masterpiece, Tess of the DUrberville
2、s ,the description of Tess in Tesss fate is even more conspicuous. This paper focus on the formation of Hardys fatalism from the historical background-Victorian age, the family background -the backward and patriarchal village, and the social thoughts-Darwins Evolutionism and Schopenhauers tragic sen
3、se, makes an analysis of the course of Hardys fatalism and its limitation .According to Hardys writing technique: coincidence and foreshow to tell Tesss fate is inevitable. To note ,as Hardys own socio-economic changes and the resulting huge does not understand the great changes in peoples lives, it
4、 can not find scientific theory to explain the change ,so he add this phenomena to the arrangement of fatalism and according to Tess shown in the novel.Key words: fatalism; coincidence ; foreshow; inevitable托马斯哈代的宿命论在苔丝中的体现 摘要托马斯哈代作为一名小说家在英国文学史上的地位是独一无二的,他非常关注穷人的命运,无情的批判现实世界,揭露社会主义的黑暗面。他的小说中充满了宿命论思想
5、,这一点在他的名著苔丝中描述苔丝的命运时尤为突出。本文通过从哈代生活的社会背景和家庭背景以及当时的社会主要思潮达尔文的进化论,叔本华的悲观主义等着手,论述了哈代宿命论思想体系形成原因及其局限性。哈代运用一系列的巧合和预示来说明苔丝的命运是无法避免的。从而说明,由于哈代对自己所处的社会经济的巨大变化及由此引起人们生活的巨大变化的不理解,又得不到科学的理论来解释这一变化,从而把这些现象归结于宿命的安排,并通过苔丝表现出来。 关键词:宿命论;巧合;预示;必然Contents1. Hardys background and his creation of life formation.12. Abou
6、t fatalism and Hardys fatalism.1 2.1 About fatalism and its definition .12.2 Hardys Fatalism.23. The Course of Hardys Fatalism.23.1 The Effect of His Family.23.2 The Effect of Social Reform.23.3 The Effect of Darwin and Schopenhauers thoughts .34. The Embodiment of Hardys Fatalism.34.1 The Coinciden
7、ce of Events34.2 The Foreshows of Events .55. The inevitable of Tesss fate .66. The Limitation of Hardys Fatalism .67. Conclusion6 Bibliography.822Thomas Hardys Fatalism embodied in Tess of DUrbervilles1. Hardys background and his creation of life formation Hardys life time, it is the time from libe
8、ral capitalist of United Kingdom to imperialism. This period of capitalism in the United Kingdom created the booming economy, at the same time, it make the poor people s life more poverty, especially “in the late of 19thcentury,capitalism exploits in rural areas, the rural male-controlled system des
9、troyed completely (Jiaxier,2003:581) Hardy witnessed the invasion of capitalism leading to the rural farmer have nothing “In emotion, Hardy cant accepted the destroys of the countryside but in ration, he know that it is necessary for the developing of society, the friction between emotion and ration
10、 make him sad and despair. He focuses on poors fate and animadverts the world, revealed the evil of society. Because the limitation of the age, Hardy tries his best to solve the society problems but failed. His thought also experienced a complicated course.”(韩,2009:18-20) At first he believe in God
11、as other people, but all the miserable facts tells him that God cant do anything to save the poors suffering, he even looked down upon god, just like he wrote in the novel, “But, might some say, where was Tesss guardian angel? Where was the Providence of her simple faith? Perhaps, like that other go
12、d of whom the ironical Tishbite spoke, he was talking, or he was pursuing, or he was in a journey, or he was sleeping and not to be awaked” (Thomas Hardy. 2006), so he turned to believe Darwins Evolutionism, then was affected by Schopenhauer Arthurs tragic sense. At last, he formed his own theory th
13、at is called fatalism. The series change of his thoughts, he didnt find the right method to solve the social problems, but the course led him to be a pessimist and his novels are full of pessimistic thought and fatalism. This series of thought change in Hardy, in his masterpiece of the Tess has diff
14、erent degrees of manifestation, especially his fatalistic ideas, novel heroine of Tess was the most prominent. 2. About fatalism and Hards fatalism 2.1 About fatalism and its definitionThe belief that the order of things in the universe is decided by a mysterious power and peoples lives are determin
15、ed by this “great power” called fate. Many people, called fatalists, believe in this and that they have no power in determining their future, no one can escape from the determined fate, no matter what one can do is just to follow it. In Tess of the DUrbervilles, Tess has no control of her own destin
16、y, try as she may, she is still a slave of fate. Throughout the bleak novel, we can easily felt that Tesss tragedy is controlled by the fate. Tess is the victim of the fate, at first she was raped by Alec, then she was dumped by Angel, at last she killed Alec and was sentenced. When she faced the su
17、fferings, she had no power to fight against. “ In the novel, the word fate and god are appear many time, on the surface , it seems like a mysterious power control everything, in fact, through the real record of the society, Hardy reveals the tragic history of English countryside at that time, just a
18、s hardy said, fate is determined by ones economy status and class status.”( 王,2009 ) Hardy writes Tess as a victim of fate, her life full of coincidence and fatality, this allow readers not to blame her for the things that happen around her. Much of the critical debates surrounding Tess centers on t
19、he following points: Is Tess a victim of fate? Are the things that happen to Tess beyond her control? Why Hardy has to sacrifice poor Tess? Future, is Hardys approach to the novel and its main character truly fatalistic? I will explore these questions and the doctrine of fatalism as it applies to Te
20、ss. Fatalism is defined in Webster dictionary as the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity. Fatalism is a primitive force that exists independent of human wills, it is the idea that all actions are controlled by fate. 2.2 Hards FatalismAbout Hardys fatalism in Tess of the DUrbe
21、rvilles , different people have different opinions .Some people think that even though Hardy can see the crisis of the English capitalism society, his inability to find a way to solve the contradictions of life. He cant clearly find the source of causing tragedy, so he cant find a good way to save t
22、he society, he resorted to the fatalism(孙,2003:33) Others think that Hardys writing works are involved in the fatalisms mistake and had a pessimistic thought towards life. (左, 2003:67-69) .But when we deeply learnt about the times and social background and Hardys life experiences, we can find a key
23、to read his article and to analyze his fatalism. In this article, I will show how Hardy expressed his fatalism thoughts through frequently use of coincidences and foreshows .And how to put Tess into tragedy step by step .I will go into detail the formation of Hardys fatalism, the embodiment of fatal
24、ism and the limitation of Hardfatalism . To explore how the fate controlled Tess by one after another coincidence, therefore to reveal the unjust society, and Hardy can t find the scientific theory to explain the great change and Tesss tragedy fate, so Hardy adds these changes and inevitable fate to
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