自助游和第三世界的发展 毕业论文外文文献翻译.docx
《自助游和第三世界的发展 毕业论文外文文献翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《自助游和第三世界的发展 毕业论文外文文献翻译.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 BACKPACKER TOURISM AND THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENTRegina ScheyvensMassey University, New ZealandAbstract: Third World governments often scorn international backpackers, professing instead an enthusiasm for pursuing higher-value, luxury tourism. This article presents an alternative perspective, elaborat
2、ing upon ways that providing goods and services for backpackers can promote development, especially at the local level. Several challenges will need to be addressed, however, if such communities are to have some control over the backpacker submarket and maximize the benefits they gain from it. Such
3、challenges include overcoming the self-centered attitudes of some backpackers who might behave irresponsibly, and encouraging Third World governments to establish a policy environment and effective infrastructure which support community involvement in this form of tourism. Keywords: Backpackers, bud
4、get, Third World, development.INTRODUCTIONAlmost wherever it is viable, Third World governments are actively pursuing tourism growth in their countries. They are particularly interested in international tourism (Harrison 1992), believing it brings their countries numerous economic benefits including
5、 employment opportunities, small business development, and foreign exchange earnings. They tend to assume that more money is earned by attracting tourists who can afford luxury goods and services, despite the fact that this often leads to a countrys dependence on imported products, foreign investmen
6、t, and expatriate skills, resulting in repatriation of resultant profits (Baskin 1995). But those financial benefits received from luxury tourism developments in the Third World very rarely “trickle down” to be of any significance to people at grassroots level. While a number of academics have noted
7、 this problem, thoroughly critiquing forms of tourism development dominated by overseas investors (Britton 1982; Brohman 1996), they have rarely proposed support for alternative forms of tourism based on the village economy (Brown1998). The presumption that high-spending tourists bring the greatest
8、benefits to Third World countries is questioned in this paper. Instead, it argues how local communities in the Third World might benefit from involvement in budget tourism. In particular, the often maligned backpacker market segment is considered. The academic literature provides clues as to how the
9、 backpacker segment can be described. This submarket is characterized by budget consciousness and a flexible tourism style, with most participants traveling alone or in small groups. Backpackers are often keen to share the local lifestyle (Loker 1993:33), citing “meeting the people” as a key motivat
10、ion (Riley 1988:325). Their recreational activities are likely to focus around nature (such as trekking), culture (village stays and more), or adventure (including river rafting or riding camels) (Loker- Murphy and Pearce 1995). This is associated with the tendency for backpackers to travel more wid
11、ely than other tourists, seeking unusual or out of the way locations and/or experiences (Haigh 1995). According to Riley, “the less traveled route and more difficult way of getting there has a high degree of mystique and status conferral” (1988:321). The tight budget many backpackers impose on thems
12、elves is largely related to the longer duration of their travels (Gibbons and Selvarajah 1994). As Cohen warns, however, one could be misled by the idealized image of the backpacker (or “youth tourists” in his study of southern Thailand beaches) “as a curious and adventurous traveler in search of au
13、thentic experiences” (1982:221). Perhaps because of its association with the “hippy” and “drifter” tourism of the 60s and 70s, the backpacker segment of the tourism market has not always been welcomed by Third World regional or national governments (Cohen 1973; Erb 2000; Hall 1997; Hampton 1998; Lok
14、er-Murphy and Pearce 1995). Much credence has been given to the stereotypical image of the backpacker as an unkempt, immoral, drug-taking individual. In Southeast Asia, the interest paid by most government planners to the backpacker sector is either negligible or negative. According to Hampton, this
15、 “sector is at best tacitly ignored, or at worst actively discouraged in official tourism planning” (1998:640). Independent travelers (hereafter tourists)who include backpackersare actively discouraged in the Maldives (Lyon 1997), and have been banned completely in Bhutan as they are seen as posing
16、a threat to the countrys gross national happiness, with only approved tour parties allowed (Wood and House 1991). Meanwhile in Goa, the Director of Tourism believes that “Luxury tourism was the way forward. Hippies and backpackers do not bring in enough money” (cited in Wilson 1997:68). Similarly, e
17、fforts to attract tourists in southern Africa are centered on organized mass international tourists who have travel arrangements made for them (Baskin 1995). In some cases, government interest in discouraging backpackers and other budget tourists has been translated into policy. For example, governm
18、ent policy in Botswana states: Foreign tourists who spend much of their time but little of their money in Botswana are of little net benefit to the country. Indeed, they are almost certainly a net loss because they crowd the available public facilities such as roads and camp sites and cause environm
19、ental damage . It is important to shift the mix of tourists away from those who are casual campers towards those who occupy permanent accommodation. Encouraging the latter while discouraging the former through targeted marketing and the imposition of higher fees for the use of public facilities, are
20、 obviously among the objectives to be pursued While denigrating budget tourists, this policy aims simultaneously to “provide local communities with direct and indirect benefits from tourism activities”, without specifically considering whether it is realistic for impoverished rural communities to ca
21、ter for higher end tourists. Local communities do not usually have the skills, experience, or resources to provide services for luxury tourists. In many cases, therefore, such communities miss out completely on the benefits of tourism ventures in their own backyards. In order to ensure a strong like
22、lihood of economic, political, and social benefits accruing to a local community, Ashley and Roestress the need for full participation of communities in tourism.This can occur where communities supply the majority of goodsand services to tourists, have considerable input into planning decisions, and
23、 collectively manage common resources. When tourism ventures are largely dependent on local cultural and natural resources, and are locally managed, communities can “participate with equity in the tourism process” This paper will argue that such conditions are more likely to be present when communit
24、ies target the needs of budget tourists, especially the significant backpacker segment.BACKPACKERS AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENTThis paper considers both pros and cons of backpacker tourism in terms of whether it promotes local level development. It provides a review of the literature on this general resear
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 自助游和第三世界的发展 毕业论文外文文献翻译 自助 第三世界 发展 毕业论文 外文 文献 翻译
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-3970395.html