2019-2020英语必修五讲义:Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar——动词不定式和动名词 .pdf
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1、Section Grammar动词不定式和动 名词 动词不定式和动 名词 语 境 自 主 领 悟 先观察原句后自主感悟 1.Sometimes,other children say we are no fun because we are both very academic and like to study,but we like it that way. 2.I must have sounded very proud of myself after the quiz,saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good grad
2、e. 3.I begged her not to tell anyone else,and she said she would keep my secret. 4.My best friend Matthew has stopped talking to me. 5.I feel really guilty because I made some cruel remarks too,but I dislike seeing our team lose. 1.例句1中动词不定式 在句中作宾语。 2.例句2中动词不定式 在句中作状语。 3.例句3中动词不定式 在句中作宾语补足语。 4.例句 4、
3、5 中动名词 在句中作宾语。 .动词不定式 一、动词不定式的形式、意义和语态 带 to 的动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四种形式,一般 式和完成式有被动语态。下表以 do 为例,说明了不定式的形式、语态及具体用法。 语态 形式意义 主动语态被动语态 一般式 表示动作与谓语动词的动作同 时发生或在其后发生 to doto be done 进行式 表示动作与谓语动词的动作同 时发生 to be doing 完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动to have doneto have 作之前been done 完成进行式 表示动作发生在谓语动词的动 作之前且一直进行着 to have be
4、en doing He promised to give me a helping hand.(give 在 promised 之后发生) 他答应帮助我。 We hoped to have finished the work earlier.(finish 这一动作发生在 hoped 之前) 我们本希望早点儿完成这项工作。 He pretended to be sleeping when I went in.(sleep 在 pretended 发生的时候,正 在进行) 我进去时,他假装正在睡觉。 The book to be published soon is very interestin
5、g.(The book 是 publish 的承受者) 即将出版的这本书很有趣。 She is known to have been dealing with the problem for many years.(deal 这一动 作发生在 is known 之前且一直进行着) 大家知道她很多年都在处理这个难题。 即时训练 1 单句语法填空 Dont wait for him.He is said to have gone(go) to Shanghai. You are supposed to be sleeping(sleep)now.Why are you still in the o
6、ffice? In order to be chosen(choose)in the first round, the girl made careful preparations for the singing competition. 二、动词不定式的句法功能 1不定式作主语 直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多,多数情况用 it 作形式主语,把真正 的主语动词不定式置于句末,特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语, 谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。 To be here with all of you is a pleasure for me. 与你们所
7、有人在这儿,我很高兴。 It is important to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语很重要。 How to make requests politely is important. 如何有礼貌地提出请求很重要。 即时训练 2 句型转换/完成句子 To give up smoking is right. It is right to give up smoking. 做早操有利于我们的健康。 To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 对我们来说,很难在一刻钟内写完这篇作文。 It is diff
8、icult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. 2不定式作宾语 不定式可以放在及物动词或及物动词短语的后面作宾语。下面的口诀可以帮 助你记忆常见的这类动词: 三个希望(hope,wish,want)两答应(agree,promise); 两个要求(demand,ask) 莫拒绝(refuse);设法(manage)学会(learn)做决定(decide);不要假装(pretend)在选择 (choose)。 I hope to have my own bike. 我希望有辆我自己的自行车。 My f
9、ather came down and demanded to know what was going on. 我父亲从楼上下来要求知道正在发生什么事情。 名师点津 如果不定式作宾语且有自己的补语,常用 it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放 在后面。常用 it 作形式宾语的动词有:believe,consider,feel,find,know,make 等。 I know it impossible to finish so much homework in one day. 我知道在一天内完成这么多的作业是不可能的。 即时训练 3 单句语法填空 I decided to go(go)to th
10、e countryside on vacation. I think it unnecessary to argue with him about it. Would you like to go(go)with me or would you rather stay (stay) at home? 3不定式作宾语补足语 常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有 : ask, beg, cause, help, force, allow, permit, advise,order,get,want,wish,tell 等。有时,作宾语补足语的不定式用于被动 语态中时也可称为主语补足语。 He asked
11、 me to do the work with him.(宾补) 他要我与他一起工作。 The doctor warned you not to eat too much meat.(宾补) 医生告诫你不要吃太多的肉。 Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.(主补) 乘客只被允许携带一件行李登机。 名师点津 在 think,consider,suppose,believe,imagine,prove,find 等动词后常用“to be表语”结构作宾语补足语。此时 to be
12、 常省略。 Imagine yourself(to be)in his place. 设想你处于他的位置。 即时训练 4 完成句子 他父母允许他在假期看电视。 His parents allow him to watch TV during holidays. 法律要求父母送子女上学。 The law ordered parents to send their children to school. 他们认为他是诚实的。 They believe him(to be) honest 4不定式作表语 动词不定式放在 be,seem,remain 等动词的后面作表语,表示将来的情况或 说明主语的内
13、容。 His job is to teach English. 他的工作是教英语。 The problems remain to be unsettled. 问题还没有解决。 即时训练 5 完成句子 现在我们有聊天室,能发短信、电子邮件等等,但是我们似乎正在失去面 对面交流的艺术。 Today we have chat rooms,text messaging,emailing and so on,but we seem to be losing the art of communicating face to face. 下一步要确保你确切知道需要的是什么。 The next step is
14、 to make sure that you know exactly what it requires. 5不定式作定语 不定式作定语要注意以下几点: (1)放在被修饰词的后面; (2)在时间上表示将来; (3)不定式所修饰的名词是不定式所表示动作的承受者; (4)当名词被序数词及 next,last,only 等词修饰时,常用不定式作后置定语; (5)被修饰词是抽象名词如 ability,desire,chance 等时,也常用不定式作后置 定语。 The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。 We have made a pl
15、an to learn from Lei Feng. 我们制定了一个向雷锋学习的计划。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一位在奥运会上赢得金牌的女性。 I have a chance to go sightseeing to America. 我有一个去美国观光的机会。 名师点津 如果不定式由不及物动词构成,那么不定式后面要加上相应的介词。 Pass me a piece of paper to write on,please. 请递给我一张可以写字的纸。 即时训练 6 单句语法填空
16、The decision to be made(make)at the afternoon meeting will influence the future of our company. She was the best woman to do(do)the job. He is always the first student to enter(enter) the classroom. 6不定式作状语 不定式作状语常表示目的、原因或结果。 目的状语 常置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。与 in order 或 so as 连用时旨在加强语气,但 so as to do 结构一般不置
17、于句首 原因状语 置于句尾的不定式有时表示原因 ; 另外,某些表示“喜、怒、哀、 乐”的形容词作表语,后跟不定式也表示原因 结果状语多用于“too.to;enough to.;only to.;just to.”等结构中 A group of young people got together to discuss this question.(目的状语) 一群年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。 I was very sad to hear the news.(原因状语) 听到这个消息我感到很伤心。 Many reporters hurried to the airport, only to be
18、told that the superstar had already left.(结果状语) 很多记者匆忙赶到机场,结果却被告知那个超级明星已经离开了。 即时训练 7 完成句子/句型转换 看见这恐怖的场面这个人吓得要死。 The man was frightened to death to see the terrifying scene He went to the dormitory to visit her but he found that she had left school yesterday. He went to the dormitory to visit her (on
19、ly) to find that she had left school yesterday. 三、不带 to 的动词不定式 1let/make/have sb.do 在 let,make,have 等使役动词之后的“宾语作宾语补足语的动词不定式” 结构中,不定式不带 to,即不定式符号 to 须省略。但当 make,let,have 用于被动 语态的时候,后面的 to 要加上。 She avoids making you feel stupid. 她避免让你感觉自己很愚蠢。 The teacher has us write a composition every week. 老师让我们每周写
20、一篇作文。 He was made to work more than twelve hours a day.(不能省略 to) 他被迫一天工作十二个多小时。 2hear/see/feel/watch.sb.do 在 hear,see,feel,observe,listen to 等感官动词(词组)后作宾语补足语的动 词不定式不带 to,但是当这些词(词组)用于被动语态时,后面的动词不定式不能省 略 to。 I never saw him dress out of place. 我从未看到过他着装不得体。 I didnt notice him go out. 我没注意他出去了。 The per
21、son was seen to enter the shop by us. 我们看见那个人进了那家商店。(不能省略 to) 名师点津 notice/watch sb. do sth.没有相应的被动结构。 3would rather/had better/why not do 在 would rather/had better/why not 等结构中通常省略 to。 He would rather live a peaceful life. 他宁愿过着平静的生活。 You had better go there at once. 你最好立即去那里。 Now that you are movin
22、g into a new apartment, why not buy some new furniture? 既然你要搬新居了,为什么不买些新家具呢? 4由 and/or/except/but/rather than 连接的第二个动词不定式常省略 to 由 and/or/except/but/rather than 连接两个及两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的 动词不定式时,第二个动词不定式不带 to。但是如果两个动词不定式表示对照或 对比时,则不能省略 to。 Id like to stay with you,help you and learn from you. 我想留下和你在一起,帮助你
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