初三英语上册知识点:语法时态.doc
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1、初三英语上册知识点:语法时态语法:直接引语变间接引语。直接引用别人的话叫直接引语,用来转述别人的话叫间接引语。例:He said, He will go to Beijing tomorrow. (直接引语)He said that he would go to Beijing the next day.直接引语变间接引语时时态、人称及一些时间或个别词都要做相应的改变。时态:一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时 一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时* 但真理性的句子时态不变。例:He said: The sun rises in the east.He said
2、that the sun rises in the east.他说太阳从东方升起。时间:nowthen, last monththe month before.today that day, three days agothree days before.tonightthat night, tomorrowthe next day.yesterdaythe day before, the day after tomorrowin two days.其它变化:thisthat thesethose heretherecomego句式的改变:直接引语是陈述句加that可以省去。例:He said
3、, My sister was here three days ago.He said that his sister had been there three days before.直接引语是一般疑问句,变成用if/whether引导的宾语从句,人称时态等作相应改变。Mother asked me, Did you buy any meat for lunch?Mother asked me if/whether I had bought some meat for lunch.直接引语是特殊问句,变成由原来疑问词一样的连接词引导的宾语从句,时态人称等作相应改变。例:What do you
4、 do? he asked me.He asked me what I did.直接引语是选择问句变成由whether或if引导的宾语从句。Do you like English or Chinese? He asked me.He asked me whether I liked English or Chinese.语法:被动语态1英语中动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。当我们强调谁是某个动作的执行者,即谁做了某种事情时,用主动语态。eg: Daniel bought a new computer 丹尼尔买了一
5、台新电脑。(不是别人)如果主语不是动作的执行者,而是动作的承受者时,就是被动语态。eg: A new computer was bought by Daniel 一台新电脑被丹尼尔买了。被动语态的谓语由be + 动词的过去分词构成,其中be是助动词,随时态改变。一般现在时的被动语态由am / is / are 动词的过去分词构成。一般过去时的被动语态由was / were 动词的过去分词构成。2被动语态的用法:当不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时,用被动语态。eg: Rice is grown in South China. 华南种植水稻。(没必要说明是谁种)This bridge was bu
6、ilt 100 years ago. 这座桥是100年前建的。(不知道谁建的)Passive voice with by在被动语态中,如果我们也要把动作的执行者表达出来的话,我们就在被动句子的后面,用 by+动作的执行者(宾格)来表示。e.g. Jack broke the window. (主动语态)The window was broken by Jack. (被动语态) 窗户是被杰克打碎的。Meals are cooked by her mother at home. 在家饭是她母亲烧的。The book was written by him several years ago. 这本书
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