中学英语语法课件.ppt
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1、第一讲 词类、句子,词类分为实词和虚词.实词可以单独在句子中作成分, 而虚词则不可以. 虚词,冠词:用在名词前帮助说明其意义,如不定冠词a, an 只用于可数名词单数前,表示“一个”或“ 每一个”,定冠词the可用在各类名词前,包 括单数、复数可数名词及不可数名词前. 如例句:The water is cool. The student is mine. The students are mine.,介词:用在名词、代词等前面,表示 与别的词的关系,如at,in,for,连词:用来连接词与词或句与句,如 and,but,if,实词,名词:表示人或事物名称,如girl,table,flower,
2、动词:表示动作或状态,如run,smile,stay,数词:表示数目或顺序,如two,first,代词:用来代替名词或数词等,如they,this,some. 例句:He is my colleage/student/. Please read your books.,形容词:用来修饰动词或代词,如beautiful,little,bad 例句:The man is my brather. The tall man is my brother.,副词:用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,如very,slowly. 例:We are listening to the teacher. We are li
3、stening to the teacher carefully. We are listening to the teacher happily.,例句: The basketball player is tall They are tall. They are very tall. They are very very tall.,单词根据词义和 在句子 中的作用分为以下10种,实 词,虚 词,句 子,什么是句子:表达思想的基本单位. 句子成分:主要成分:主语、谓语. 主语句子主要讲述的人或物. 谓语说明主语的动作或状态. 其他成分:宾语、定语、状语等. 宾语动作的作用对象或承者. 定语修
4、饰名词或代词. 状语主要修饰动词或表明事情发生的况. 表语就是主语补足语.,最基本的句子结构:主语 + 谓语,主语 + 实意动词 + (宾语),主 联系动词 表语,句子成分与词类:,1.主语 + 实意动词 + (宾语),2主 联系动词 表语,第三节 句子分类,1.按句子功能划分 a. 陈述句(statements)-陈述一个事实表明 一个愿望,猜测等;形式是主语先行.如: The bank closes at six. I wish you success.,b.问句(questions)提出问题,请对方回 答;式是助动词/情态动词/疑问词行:,问句主要分为四类: *一般疑问句(general
5、 questions):以助动词, 情态动词或be开头,一般由yes或no回答; Will you be free tonight?,*反意疑问句(tag-questions):由一个陈述句和一个简 短问句组成.前后两部分时态、语态要一致.如果前面 部分是肯定句,简短问句用否定形式;前面部分是否定 句,简短问句用肯定形式.回答时针对客观事实,肯定回 答用yes,否定用no.如: Youve been here for many years,havent you? This is your car,isnt it?,*特殊疑问句(special questions):也称wh-questions
6、 多以疑问词who,where,when,which,whose,why, how 等开头: Who is it on the phone? Where have you been?,*祈使句(imperatives)-提出命令、请求等; 形式是动词原形先行,主语省略: Open the window ,please.,*感叹句(exclamations)表示赞美、惊异 等情绪;形式是修饰性短语,后接主语及“be”. 主语及“be”可省略: What a nice day! How silly(you are)!,*选择疑问句(alternative questions):提出两种可能,看哪一
7、种属实.并列部分由or连接:,第二讲 动词,概述 时态 语态 语气 助动词、情态动词,概述,1.动词的种类: *及物动词:这类动词一般后接宾语.,*不及物动词:这类动词一般没有宾语,如要接宾语,必须和一定的介词一起使用.,*系动词:不能表达一个完整的意思,必 须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语 构成复合谓语.,*助动词:本身没有特别的意思,在句中和别的动词一 起构成时态、语态、问句及否定句.,*情态动词:有一定的意思,表示“能愿”等,和 句中其他动词 一起表达完整意 义,一 般没有人称和时态的变 化,后动词要用原形.例句: I can speak English. Can you read a
8、 letter for me?,动词的作用,动词在句中用作谓语,受句子主语、时态、语态、 语气的限制,随具体情况变化而变化,称作动词 的限定形式 (finite forms)。 *与主语一致:人称一致;数上一致: I know that. / She knows that. He is a doctor. / They are doctors./ I am a doctor. *时态:英语中事情发生的时间不仅用状语体现, 句中动词也要以各种特定的形式体现时态: I went to school yesterday. I go to school everyday. Ill go to scho
9、ol tomorrow.,*时态:英语中事情发生的时间不仅用状 语体现,句中动词也要以各种特定的形 式体现时态: Everybody loves him. He is loved by everybody.,*语气:按照话语与事实情况的关系,可 分为陈述、祈使、虚拟语气:,He is careless. (陈述语气) Be careful. (祈使语气) I wish he were more careful.(虚拟语气),英语中不同时间发生的动作要用不同的形式 表示,称为时态.理论上讲一共有十六种 :,状态,时间状态,以动词write为例,各时态构成如下表:,几种常用时态,一般现在时(the
10、 simple presenttense)do/does,*经常发生或反复发生的动作: She visits her parents every day. He smokes a lot. She doesnt speak English.,*现时的情况或状态: I know you are busy. How do you like this city?,*永恒的真理: The moon goes round the earth. Summer follows spring.,现在进行时:be(am/is/are)+doing,*主要表示现在正在进行的动作: Theyre talking;
11、theyre not working. Were having a meeting. Were having a lecture. *有时汉语中相应的句子不带“正在”,英语也要用 进行时态: How are you getting on with the work? Youre making good progress. Who are you waiting for? *表示在这个阶段正在发生的事(但说话的一刻 不一定正在进行): Are you staying at a hotel?,*表示将要发生的事,各种人称后都由will加动词原形构成,常缩略为“ll”.Shall用于第一人称,但 陈
12、述句中更多的人使用will : *常用于下面情况,不一定指将来的事情:,a.用于I think (dont think)will这类句型中: I think Ill have something to eat. I dont think Ill go out tonight.,b.提出请求: Will you shut the door? Will you lend me the car next week? Mail the letter today, will you?,c.作出允诺:,If I have any trouble,Ill let you know. I wont tell
13、anybody what happened.,d.表示同意:,Come and see me tomorrow. _ Yes, I will. _ No, I wont.,e.表示“不肯”、“不能”等:,f. shall 通常用于疑问句,来征求对方的意 见(第一人称):,*一般将来时的其他表示方法:,a. be going to准备、打算要做某事;看来就要发生的事(预计或不可避免): Im going to clean the room this afternoon. b. be + to do将要或必然要发生的事:Theyre to call me on Sunday. c.be + doi
14、ng 常用于 “come, go, leave”等词:He is coming.Im leaving. Hurry,hurry up,Im coming. d. be about to即将、打算:,一般过去时:did,*表示过去发生的事: I saw you two days ago. I went to the cinema last night. Did you enjoy the film? *日常对话中这个时态用得很多,即使在前 一分钟发生的事也要用过去时: I saw her a minute ago. Who told youthis?,*过去习惯性的动作: We often pl
15、ayed together when we were children. Sometimes we quarreled. *不明显的过去时间状语: I was glad to get your letter. How did you like the film? *谈及已故的人时(名人情况可用一般现在时): Luxun was a great writer.,过去进行时:be(was/were)+doing,表示过去某个时刻正在进行的事,相当 于现在进行时的过去形式. What were you doing when I called you? What were you doing at t
16、hree oclock yesterday? 现在完成时:have/has + done *现在完成时把过去和现在联系起来,谈的是已经发生的事,但和现在有某种关系,指从过去某时到现在,某事已经完成或已经发生。,Ive lost my passport.,*常和just,already,yet这类词连用,表示刚 发生的事: Ive just had my lunch. Ive already posted your letters.,*有时表示从过去到现在这一段时间内发生的事: Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. Ive
17、been there twice this year. *有时表示持续到现在的状态: How have you been?,*有时表示持续到现在的状态:,How have you been? * 过去完成时:had + done *表示过去某时之前业已发生的动作 (可算是现在完成时的过去形式) Had you ever seen her before that? By 9:30 she still hadnt arrived.,语态(Voice),语态由谓语动词和主语的关系决定.如果主语是动 作的执行者,动词就要用主动语态;如果是动作的承 受者,动词就要用被动语态.前面我们介绍时态时所 用的基
18、本上是主动语态形式,现在主要介绍被动语 态的构成与应用。,被动语态构成:be+done +(by)be动词可以有时 态、人称等的变化.by结构表示动作的执行者。,被动语态的形式:,被动语态的应用,一般说来,能用主动语态时尽量使用主动语态.在下面情况下需要用被动结构: *不知道或不想提动作的执行者是谁: The meeting is scheduled for May 3rd. *谈话的重心为动作的承受者: I was waken up by a loud noise. *常使用被动语态的一些情况: Smoking is prohibited in this area. No books are
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