广州市小升初英语语法要点.pdf
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1、小升初英语语法要点 动词的分类 类别特点意义举例 实义动词 (vt. vi 。) 及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.。 不及物动词不能直接 接宾语 能独立作谓语She always comes late 。 系动词 (link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语,跟表语构成完整意思I am a student。 助动词 (aux. v。 ) 跟动词原形或分词 ( 无词汇意义 ) 不能独立做谓语,跟主要动词构成谓语,表 示疑问,否定及各种时态 He doesnt speak Chinese 。 I am watching TV。 情态动词 (mod. v。) 跟动词原
2、形 ( 有自己 的词汇意思 ) 不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态, 无人称和数的变化 We can do it by ourselves 。 That would be better。 第二方面: 短语动词, 短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语,表达一个完整的意 思。其构成方式如下。 构成方式举例 动词 +介词Look at, look after 动词 +副词Give up, put into 动词 +副词 +介词Catch up with, look down upon 动词 +名词 +介词Take care of, pay attention to Be+ 形容词 +介词Be pr
3、oud of, be afraid of 复杂结构Make up one s mind, wind ones way 第三方面: 按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。 1、 谓语动词 形式意义举例 人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称 数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数 时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态 语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者 We study English。主动 The road was filled with rubbish. 被动 语气说话人表达
4、事实、要求、愿望等 He has flown to America. 事实 I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望 2、 非谓语动词 形式意义用途举例 不定式起形容词和名词作用 可作主语、表语、宾语、定 语、状语 It takes me 20 minutes to go to school 。 动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading。 分 词 现在分 词 起形容词、副词作用, 表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语 补足语 The cup is broken 过去分 词 起形容词、副词作用, 表被动 The steam is se
5、en rising from the wet clothes。 名词的数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同,比如,在汉语中,我们说一个苹果, 那就是一个苹果,没什么特殊变化。你要说三个苹果,只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。 而在英语中,一个苹果是one apple ,三个苹果是 three apples,不仅数量词变化了,名 词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。 第一部分:规则变化 情况构成法读音例词 一般情况 ( 包括以 e 结尾的名词 ) 加 -s -s 在清辅音 ptk f后读 Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags,
6、 keys, faces 在浊辅音和元音后读 z 口诀:清清浊浊元 浊 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾加-es Classes, boxes, watches, brushes 以辅音 +y 结尾 变 y 为 i , 加 es 读z Cities, countries, studies 以元音 +y 结尾加 -s 读z Boys, rays, days 有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列: 情况构成法读音例词 以 o 结尾 加-es 读z Heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes 加-s 读z Bamboos, radios, zoos, photo
7、s, pianos 以 f, fe结尾 变 f, fe为 v,再加 -es 读vz Leaf-leaves Life-lives Wife-wives Thief-thieves Half-halves Knife-knives Wolf-wolves Self-selves Loaf-loaves 加-s 读Roofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs 第二部分:不规则变化 我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还 有一些名词,单复数是同一个形式的。不过,我们还是可以通过一些比较,发现其中的一些 奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的
8、不规则变化。 一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式,如: man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-feet child-children goose-geese mouse-mice ox-oxen 二、有些是外来词,仍保有原来的复数形式,如: Phenomenon-phenomena(现象 ) Formula-formulae(公式 ) Thesis-theses(论文 ) Basis-bases(基础 ) Analysis-analyses(分析 ) Criterion-criteria(标准 ) Crisis-crises(危机 ) Appendix
9、-appendices(附录 ) 三、部分单词的复数形式不变。 例: fish fish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, m eansmeans 四、 compound nouns ,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示 例:daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇 ; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳 父 man-of-war men-of-war 兵舰 ; maid-servantmaid-servants step-son step-sons晚子 ; son-in-laws
10、ons-in-law。 但是, 也有些合成名词,特别是由man和 woman构成的合成名词,里面所含的成分,全 都要变为复数,如: Man-servant-men-servants, woman doctor-women doctors等 五、有些名词经常是带着-s 词尾的,但通常都作单数看待,如: Phonetics(语音学 ) ,physics(物理学 ) ,optics(光学 ) ,politics(政治 ) ,news(新闻 ) 等。 六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多 例: bellows 风箱 ; clothes; police; shorts短裤 ; scissors剪刀 ;
11、 spectacles眼镜 ; shears大剪刀, trousers长裤, wages工资, belongings所有物, surroundings环境, savings储蓄, findings调查结果, arms 武器, clothes衣服, stairs楼梯,等 七、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思, 例: goods 货物, waters 水域, fishes(各种 ) 鱼, papers 文件,证件, greens 青菜, m anners 礼貌, ruins废墟, troops军队, looks 外貌, times 时代,等 第三部分:不可数名词的计量方法 (1) 一
12、般用“数字 +of+ 计量单位 +名词”表示, ( 注意:当数字大于一时,表示计量单位 的名词可以有复数形式) 。如: a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop o f water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议 (2) 用 much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot
13、of/ plenty of+不可数名词 练习题 : 1、 All the people at the conference are _。 a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher b. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C) 2、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month。 a. women doctors c. woman doctors b. women doctor d. woman doctor (a) 3、-Are there
14、 any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some。 A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D) 4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly。 A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B) 5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterd
15、ay。 A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B) 6、There is some _ on the plate。 A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B) 7、The little baby has two _ already。 A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C) 8、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C) 9、Plea
16、se remember to give the horse some tree_。 A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B) 10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit。 A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B) 11、Please pass me _。 A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C) 12、There
17、 are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _。 A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B) 13、This table is made of _。 A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D) 14、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants。 A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker
18、-ons D. Lookers-ons (B) 15、Some _ are flying kites near the river。 A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C) 16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us。 A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B) 17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost i
19、n that accident。 A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B) 18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here。 A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A) 19、The police investigated those _ about the accident。 A. stander-by C. standers-by B. stander-bys
20、 D. standers-bys (B) 20、 Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday。 A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C) 动词不定式分类 1、动词 + 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, e
21、lect, endeavor, hope, fail, ha ppen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, p retend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2) 动词 +
22、不定式 ; 动词 +宾语 +不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepar e, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3) 动词 +疑问词 +
23、to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wond er, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my m ind which to buy。有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意 疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。如:Th
24、e question is how to pu t it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 2. 不定式作补语 1) 动词 +宾语 +不定式 (to do) advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, conside r, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know,
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