英语初高中衔接讲义.pdf
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1、校本课程教材初高中衔接 110 二、初高中英语衔接 专题一:名词考点集汇,讲解和训练 【名师点睛】 一、名词的数 1单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“ -s” 构成,其主要 变法如下: (1)一般情况在词尾加 -s ,例如: book books,girl girls ,boy boys, penpens,doctor doctors, boy boys。 (2)以 s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加 -es,例如: bus buses ,classclasses boxboxes ,watchwatches ,brushbrushes 。 (3)以 ce
2、, se, ze, (d)ge结尾的名词加 s,例如: orangeoranges 。 (4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变 “y”为“i ”再加-es, 例如: city cities, factoryfactories, country countries, familyfamilies。 但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复 数形式只加 s ,如: boy boys, daydays 。 (5)以 o结尾的词多数都加 -es 。 例如 :heroheroes ,potatopo tatoes ,tomatotomatoes, 但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如: zoozoos ,
3、radio radios ,还有某些外 来词也只加 -s,例如: photophotos ,pianopianos 。 (6) 以 f 或 fe结尾的词,多数变f 为 v 再加-es ,例如: knife knives ,leaf leaves, half halves 。 复数词尾 s(或 es )的读音方法如下表所示。 复数词尾 s (或 es )的读音方法 情况读法例词 在ptkf 等清辅音后s cups, hats, cakes 在sztd3F等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bdgv等浊辅音后z beds, d
4、ogs, cities, knives (7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man men ,woman women ,toothteeth , foot feet ,child children ,mouse mice。 校本课程教材初高中衔接 111 【注意】 与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。例如: an Englishman, two Englishmen 。 但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans; man, woman 等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menworkers, women te
5、achers 。 有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese ,Japanese ,sheep ,deer,fish等。但当 fish 表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。 (8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police 等。 (9) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式, 中间加连字符。例如 an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。 (10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers ,clothes ,chopsticks ,glasses( 眼镜),goods (货物), scissors 。 (11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词
6、有: 科学名词: physics, mathematics/maths 游戏名称: bowls (保龄球) 专有名词: the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名词: news, falls 2不可数名词“量”的表示方法 在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”,可以用以下两种方法: (1)用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少,例如: The rich man has a lot of money There is some milk in the bottle Is there any wate
7、r in the glass ? I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice (2)用 a piece of 这类定语,例如: a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water (milk) a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如: two cups of tea
8、four pieces of paper three glasses of water 不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much 等来修饰。 二、名词的所有格 名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。 校本课程教材初高中衔接 112 1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s,其复数形式是 s,例如:a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。 2. 如其结尾不是 s的复数形式仍加s,如: Childrens Day。 3. 在表示时间、 距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要
9、用s, 例如:a twenty minutes walk, ten miles journey, a boats length , two pounds weight, ten dollars worth 。 4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如: a map of China,the end of this term ,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。 5. 双重所有格,例如: a friend of my fathers。 【注意】 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示 “ 分别有 ” ,例如: John
10、s and Marys rooms (约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Toms and Marys bikes(两人各自的自行车)。 两个名词并列,只有一个s ,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Marys room (约翰和 玛丽共有一间); Tom and Marys mother(即 Tom与 Mary 是兄妹)。 【演练】 1- Where have you been, Tim? - I ve been to _. A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henry s homeD. Henrys 2In England, if
11、_ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ . A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once 4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly. A. som
12、e bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear 6There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears 7In England, the last name is the _ . A. family name B.
13、middle C. given name D. full name 8They are going to fly _ to Beijing. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans 校本课程教材初高中衔接 113 9The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch 10The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 11What s your
14、_ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news 12- It s dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. - But I think we should let _ go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children 13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of h
15、is shop. - Thanks. A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING 14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ? A. Children s DayB. Childrens s Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day 15Where are the students? Are they in _ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room 【练习答案】 1.D 2.B 3.
16、B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 专题二:形容词、副词考点集汇,讲解和训练 【名师点睛】 1. 形容词的用法 (1) 形容词在句中作定语 , 表语, 宾语补足语。例如: Our country is a beautiful country. (作定语) The fish went bad. (作表语) We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作宾语补足语) (2) 形容词修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时 ,形容词放
17、在名词后 面。 I have something important to tell you. 校本课程教材初高中衔接 114 Is there anything interesting in the film. (3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起 进一步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small. (4) the形容词表示一类人或物 The rich
18、should help the poor. 2. 副词的用法 (1) 副词在句中可作状语 ,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. (作状语) Life here is full of joy. (作定语) When will you be back? (作表语) 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类: 1)时间副词 时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。 例如:
19、He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing. 2)地点副词 地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如: I met an old friend of mine on my way ho
20、me. He went upstairs. Put down your name here. 3)方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答 “ 怎样的? ” 这类问题的,其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词 尾-ly 构成的 , 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有: anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alon
21、e, high, straight, wide 等。例如: The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. 校本课程教材初高中衔接 115 The birds are flying high. He runs very fast. 4)程度副词 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度 副词有: much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, comple
22、tely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly 等。例如: Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well. I can hardly agree with you. 5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why 等。例如: How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday? Why did you do that? (2)副词在句中的位置 1)多数副
23、词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。例如: Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well. 2)频度副词作状语时,通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词,助动词和be 动词之后。例 如: He usually gets up early. I ve never heard him singing. She is seldom ill. 3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但 enough作副词用时,通常放在被 修饰词的后面。例如: It is a rather difficult job. He runs ver
24、y fast. He didn t work hard enough. 4)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如: On my way home, I met my uncle. The students there have a lot time to do their own research work. (3)部分常用副词的用法 1) very, much 这两个副词都可表示 “ 很” ,但用法不同。 Very 用来修饰形容词和副词的原级,而 校本课程教材初高中衔接 116 much 用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如: She is a very nice girl I m f
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