高三英语教案:介词连词.pdf
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1、http:/ *1* 高三英语语法复习专题(5) Unit5 介词和连词 一、考点聚焦 1、介词的分类与语法功能 (1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词 类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、 for 等;合成介词,如within 、inside、onto、througout 等;短语介词,如according to、out of、 because of、by means of、in spite of 、instead of 等。双重介词,如from behind / above / under 、 unti
2、l after 等。分词介词,如considering、including 、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如: It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. He quarrelled with her yesterday. He succeeded in passing the final exam. I m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. The
3、 professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. (2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如: This machine is in good condition.(表语 ) Where is the key to my bike?(定语 ) Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语 ) She always thinks herself above others.(宾补) 2、介词搭配 (1) “动词 +介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与
4、多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意 义的动词与of 连用 ) supply us with food / fill the glass with wine( “供给”意义的动词与with 连 用) make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat ( “制作、制造”意义与of 、from 、into连用) 介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词 + sb. s + 部位,可换用) strike
5、 him on the head(“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on 连用 ) catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by 连用 ) hit the boy in the face( “肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in 连用) prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意义与from 连用 ) http:/ *2* persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.( “说服,建议”意义与into连用) buy sb. for sth.(leave、get 、win、 gain 、lose
6、等“得失”意义与for连用 ) tell sth.to sb.(show、teach 、sing 、write 、read 等“告知”意义与to 连用 ) give sth. to sb. (give 、allow 、promise 、pass 、hand 等“授予”意义与to 连用) 注意:可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。 say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize 、murmur、 whisper 与“对象”连用必须 用 to) 不可说 suggest sb.sth.。 同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。 for(寻找) to sth. of(听说 ) o
7、n(拜访 ) look to (眺望 ) agree with sb. hear call for(需要 ) at(看) on sth. from(收到信 ) in(请) 同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。 reply to the letter回信, sing(dance)to the music和, 唱(跳),amount to 达 到,加起来有 , ,devote to 把, 贡献给,drink to 为, 干杯,object to 反对, look forward to 渴望, come to 苏醒, belong to属于, search for搜, ,ask , for , 寻 找
8、,use , for用作, leave for前往, take , for误以为, call of倡导, wait for等 待, care for喜欢, make up for弥补损失, turn to求助(救)于,help oneself to随 意, agree to 同意, compare , to把, 比作,send for派人去请(拿) , ,sail for 驶向,航向,set out for动身去, go in for爱好, 。 (2)常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。 of担心, about / at sth. afraid angry for 替, 而担心 with sb. f
9、or sth.渴望, different from与, 不同 amxious about sth. / sb担心, different to ,不关心 , of讨厌 with sb. tired strict from/ with因, 疲倦 in sth.要求严格 at擅长 with sb.受, 欢迎 good for对, 有益 popular in some place流行在 , of sb. to do so 友好for 因 , 而流行 with + 名词或 what 从句 pleased helpful to 对 , 有帮助 at + 抽象名词(听/ 看到 , 而高兴) to sb.为人
10、所知 known for 因 , 而出名be familiar with 熟悉 as作为 , 出名be familiar to 为 , 熟知(悉) sorry for 替 , 后悔disappointed at sth.失望 http:/ *3* from 缺席 rich in 富有 ,absent in 离开此地去了, worthy of 值得的, glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴,far from 离 , 远,grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人, free from 没有 ,(免除 , ) , proud of(take pride
11、in) 自豪,satisfied with (by) 满意, sure of / about 确信, fond of 喜欢, fit for 适合, busy with sth.(in doing sth.) 忙 着干某事, full of 充满, ready for 准备, similar to 相似, wrong with 不对;有毛病 , (3) “名词+ 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water 缺水 the hope of success成功的希望 have a chance of (for) entering college 上大学的机会 take
12、 pride in them 为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question 问题的答案 a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow明天的票 in Beijing 去了北京 his abesence from Beijing 不在北京 to study 学习方法 the way of studying maths 学习教学的方法 3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (1)表示时间的介词in 的用法如下。 表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in, 如: in the 1990s, in the year, i
13、n January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。 还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意: at night / at noon, in the day(在白天 ),in the night(大夜间)。 in five days(weeks, months, years)中 i
14、n 意思是“在 , 以后”。 in 和 during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during ,接 “活动”的动名词及短语时用in 。如: during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel (2)在具体的某一天或
15、某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。 on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(但 at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on http:/ *4* Children s Day on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1 early on the morning of Oct.1(区别: in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days (3) 表示
16、某一时刻或某一点时间用at, 如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但 in time of danger/ trouble。 注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如: next day 、last Sunday、that morning、these years one、each、any、every 、some、all修饰时 , 一般不用介词, 如 some day
17、 one day 、yesterday / afternoon,the night before (4)till、until、to 的用法。 till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。 如: He waited for me till twelve oclock. He didn t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用 to). 但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用 until。如: Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. to 表“终结”时常用和fr
18、om 连用,但要注意不与from 连用时的意 义。如: from July to September, from six to(till)eight(从, 到, 为止),但 from morning till night(从早到晚) ,不能用to 。from , to常构成习惯搭配,不可换用其他 介词。(A )表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time( 不时,有时 ),from day to day ( 天天 ),from hand to hand(不断传下去 ) , from place to place(处处,到处) ,from side to side(左右摇摆
19、) , from door to door(家家户户) ,from house to house(挨家 挨户),from shop to shop(一个商店接一个商店)。 (B) 表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、 状态变化。 from beginning to end( 从头到尾,自始至终) (from the beginning to the end of, ) ;from hand to mouth( 仅能糊口 ) , from bad to worse( 越来越糟 ) , from head to foot( 从 头到脚 ), from top to bottom(整个地,彻底地) ,fr
20、om top to toe(全身 ) ,from start to finish (自始至终,从头到尾)。 (C)from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如 from one car to another(顺着车厢依次地) 。 (D)名词 + by + 同一单数名词,表示“一个一个地”,要 与 from , to 短语区别开:one by one 一个一个地; little by little(bit)一点一点地; step by step 一步一步地,逐渐地(但by and by 不久以后);sentence by sentence逐 句地; day by day一
21、天一天地; side by side(with,)(和,) 并肩,一起; shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地,齐心协力;hand in hand 手拉手,紧紧地;face to face面对面。 (5)in 、after 、later in + 一段时间: 表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用; 但表示“在, 之内”时,用于各种时态。 http:/ *5* 一段时间 + later(later是副词 ) :表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一 段时间后。 after + 一段时间表示: “在, 之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能 用 after,即 a
22、fter + 点时间,用于各种时态。 The doctor will be with us in six minutes. She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks. 另外, in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下: in a week s time = in a week They will arrive in three days time.(
23、与将来时连用) My brother s birthday is in two weeks time. (作表语) I ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than,用于各种时态, 不超出,在 , 之内) (6)地点介词at 、on、in 、 to 、across 、through 、over 、under 、below。 at 在较小的场所,in 在较大的场所,on 在, 的平面上。如at the door 、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China
24、、in the north、 in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。 on、at 、in 还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于 B地,用 in;A地位于 B地的外面 且有边缘衔接用on;无边缘的衔接有to 。如: Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外 ) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之外) Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻 ) The island lies off the coast of China.
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