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1、2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phon
2、es. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the landWhen
3、you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O
4、 you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you
5、 should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming youre
6、 lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. A Some B Most C Few D All2. A put B take C run D come3. A Since B If C Though D Until4. A formally B relatively C gradually D literally5. A
7、 back B next C around D away6. A onto B off C across D alone7. A unattractive B uncrowded C unchanged D unfamiliar8. A site B point C way D place9. A So B Yet C Instead D Besides10.A immediately B intentionally C unexpectedly D eventually11.A surprised B annoyed C frightened D confused12.A problem B
8、option C view D result13.A Above all B In contrast C On average D For example14.A bridge B avoid C spot D separate15.A form B through Cbeyond D under16.A posts B links C shades D breaks17.A artificial Bmysterious C hidden D limited18.A Finally B Consequently C incidentally D Generally19.Amemories B
9、marks C notes D belongings20.A restrict B adopt C lead D exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have i
10、mposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to
11、restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly tra
12、ded companies, says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten
13、last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up
14、customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense o
15、f long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short
16、-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds thant “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholde
17、rs who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule is a
18、 reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system o
19、f financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economic activities23. It is arg
20、ued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thingking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-term
21、ism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers Text 2Grade inflationthe gradual increase in av
22、erage GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness is helping rais
23、e GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue
24、 to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-
25、level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to
26、retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows the
27、m to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures like th
28、ose, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are respo
29、nding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be align
30、ed.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.
31、To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching qual
32、ity.D. meet local governments needs.29. What does the phrase to be aligned(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness
33、 byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electri
34、c light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? Wha
35、t makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popul
36、ar sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually i
37、s and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a comple
38、x combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decision
39、s are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are begin
40、ning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate
41、 international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How
42、 can we make sure that the thinking ofintelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B.has remained p
43、opular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by Al today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness A.helps explain artificial intelligence. B.can be misleading to robot making. C.inspires popular sci-fi TV ser
44、ies. D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found. B.is still beyond our capacity. C.causes little public concern. D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The authors attitude toward Googles pledges is one ofA.affirmati
45、on B.skepticism.C.contempt D.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Als Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control Text 4States will be
46、able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost t
47、hem billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if th
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