初三英语语法总复习教案.pdf
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1、初三英语总复习 一、名词: 1、名词的概念:名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 2、名词的分类:专有名词:China, Mike, English, the Great Wall 普通名词:可数名词( 有单、复数之分, 在可数名词单数之前要用a/an) table, life, tomato 不可数名词(无复数形式)food, duty, news, knowledge 3、可数名词复数的构成: 一般情况是在名词后加- s 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的加 -es 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的,要变y 为 i 再加 -es,如: city - family 以元音字母 (Aa
2、,Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu ) + y 结尾的,加 - s, 如: boy- 以 f /fe 结尾的变f/fe 为 v 再加 -es,如: half- self- shelf- leaf- knife- wife- life- 以 o 结尾的,只有tomato 和 potato 是加 -es,其余的都加-s,如: photo- radio- kilo- zero- zoo- 特殊情况:man- woman- policeman- Englishman- Frenchman- 但: German- child- foot- tooth- 单、复同形:Chinese- Japanese- sh
3、eep- 形式上是单数,实际上表复数概念:people,police 如: The people / police are working hard. 有两种形式的:fish 作“鱼”时,可数,其复数是fish 或 fishes 作“鱼肉”时,不可数。 复合名词的复数形式:man player-men players , woman doctor-women doctors ,apple tree-apple trees 4、不可数名词: 无复数形式, 不能与 a /an 或数词连用, 必须用 a cup of , a piece of , a pairof , some , much , s
4、o much , too much , little , a little , a lot of , lots of等表数量。如:much work, a little money, two bags of rice 注:一条裤子a pair of trousers is The trousers are 一双袜子 /鞋子a pair of socks / shoes is My new shoes are 一副眼镜a pair of glasses is 数杯橘子汁glasses of oranges 数张纸pieces of paper 如果这些短语中需要用形容词,形容词应该放在冠词后。
5、a full bottle of milk ten big pieces of paper 如果 of 短语后的名词为可数名词时,必须用复数。 a bag of books a basket of applesa box of pens 5、名词的所有格: 单数名词的所有格:加s the students book 以 s 结尾的单词 , 加 James book 复数名词的所有格:以s 结尾的 , 加 the students books a few years time twenty minute s walk 不以结尾的 , 加 s children s dolls mens shoes
6、 以 and 连接的:共同拥有,共同一个 s Lily and Lucys father is 分别拥有,每个名词后加 s Li Leis and Jim s fathers 无生命名词的所有格:表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加 s 或 s an hour s walk , ten minutes talk , China s capital ,(in) today s newspaper world s population 用 of 短语。 (语序与汉语不一致) a picture of my family , the classroom of our school , teac
7、hers of Class 1 双重所有格:a friend of my brothers a new photo of mine an old friend of Kate s some flowers of hers the name of her cat 表“在办公室” “在店 / 家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去: at the doctorsin Uncle Wang sin the teachers 二、代词: 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词 第一人称第二人称第三人称 单数复数单、复一样单数复数 人称主格I we you he /she / it they 代词宾格me us you
8、 him / her / it them 物主形容词性 物主代词 my our your his / her / its their 代词名词性物 主代词 mine ours yours his / hers / its theirs 反身myself ourselves yourself himself themselves 代词yourselves herself / itself 注: 1)主格作主语,放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时,You 最前, I 最后(你在前,我在后) 。如: You, he and I are 但在表抱歉的句子中,I 放在前,如: Sorry, I and
9、Li Lei broke the glasses. 2)宾格作宾语,放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。如:These are your things. Please put them away. 3)形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。 4)名词性物主代词后不能加名词,但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。如:my book = mine his book = his her book = hers 5)反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。如:She teaches herself English. She learns English by herself. 于句末加强语气, “亲自”。如: Youll
10、 see it yourself. 于主语后作同位语。如:He himself did it. 于固定短语中。如:enjoy oneself=have a good time=play happily be alone = all by oneself teach oneself sth. = learn sth. (all) by oneself leave sb. by oneself help oneself to sth. 指示代词:近指this 复 these 远指that 复 those 注: 1)打电话时用this 代替自己, that 代替对方。 如: Hello! This
11、is . Is that speaking? 2)that / those 可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。 如: This story is more interesting than that one. 疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词: 指人: who(主语 ) whom( 宾语 ) whose(谁的 ) 指物: what who s( 谁是 ) 指人 /物: which 注: 1)The bag on the desk is Lucy s. Whose is the bag on the desk? Lucy sbag is on the desk. Whose bag is on the
12、 desk? 2)What 也可对人的职业、身份提问:What do you do? = What are you? What does she do? = What is she? 3)对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What:He is thin and tall. What is he like? 不定代词: some 用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句,如:Could you give me some ? Would you like som e? Why don t you give him some? any 用于否定句、疑问句、条件句,如:If you have any question
13、 to ask, you will call me. 注: something / somebody / someone anything / anybody / anyone 用法类似。 onethe other (一个另一个) 两者中一个,另一个 one the others(一个其余的) 多数中的一个,余下的全部 some the others (一些其余的) 一些,余下的全部 some others (一些另一些) 一些,余下的中的一部分 another (另一个, 又一个 ) 一个一个地连接, 后 +名单或 few/数字 +名复,如:another cake another two
14、cakes = two more cakes 注: 1)the other 和 other 后可加名词 2)the others 和 others 后不加名词 3)the other / the others 表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。 4)other / others 表除去一部分后的另一些,但不是余下的全部。 each强调个体, +名单 (谓动:单 ) 两个或两个以上的每一个。 each of +名复 (谓动:单 ) 如: Each woman has a book. = Each of the women has a book, every 强调整体, +名单 (谓动:单 )三
15、个或三个以上的每一个Every boy likes 但 Every of 注: 1) Each of us has a room. = We have a room each. 2) each other 两者互相,于动词后,如:help each other understand each other each other 的所有格each others,如: They filled each other s stockings with presents. P.3 3)当 each放在主语后时,谓动(复),如:We each have a book on the desk. 4)one e
16、ach 每人一个 both 两者都否:neither 两者都不 +名单Neither sentence is right. all 三者以上全都否:none 三者以上全都不 both of (谓动:复)Both of the answers are right. neither of (谓动:单)Neither of the answers is wrong. Both A and B(谓动:复)A 和 B 都Both you and I are teachers. Neither A nor B (就近一致) A 和 B 都不Neither you nor I am a student. 注
17、:1)either 两个人或物中的任何一个,如:There are some flowers on either side of the river. = There are some flowers on both sides of the river. 2)either 表“也”时,于否定句,:如: He doesn t like it. She doesn t like it, either. 3)Either A or B (就近一致)或者A 或者 B ,不是 A 就是 B Either they or Lily knows the good news. 4)倒装句中: She lik
18、es apples, and so does he. If you won t go,neither / nor will I. one 代指单数的人或物The apple is bigger than that one. ones代指复数的人或物The apples are bigger than those ones. 注: it 与 one it 代指前面提到过的单数的东西,复数用them。 如: I can t find my pen. Have you seen it anywhere? 指同一样 东西。 one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西,复数用 ones。如: I ve l
19、ost my pen. I want to buy a new one. 同类不 同物。 a lot of = lots of =plenty of + 名复或不可数名词= many +名复或 much +不可数名词 用于肯定句用于否、疑句 如: She picked a lot of oranges. She didn t pick many oranges. too much 与 too many so much 与 so many some, any, no, every 可与 one, body, thing 构成合成不定代词, 1) 这些词作主语时看作三单。Nobody is her
20、e. Everyone in our class likes 2) 放在形容词之前。something important, nothing delicious, something nice 指人 somebody someone 指物something anybody anyone anything everybody everyone everything nobody no one nothing 注: Is everyone here today? Yes, we are. few little a few a little Exx: 1. These cups are ours.
21、Those are _ _. A. others B. other s C. others D. otherss 2. Why don t you get _ to read? A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything 3. Each of the girls _ a handbag. A. has B. have C. does D. is 三、数词和冠词: 1、 数词:基数词 ( 表数目 ): 1-12单独记, 13-19 加 teen ,整十加ty ,几十几之间加- ,hundred 后加 and. 序数词 (表顺序 ): 基+t
22、h序 注: 1)基数词变序数词口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上th,一、二、三,特殊记,词尾字母t 和 d,(first, second, third) 八减 t,九去 e,f 来把 ve 替, (eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth) 单词 ty 作结尾,要把y 来变 ie,(twenty-twentieth) 若是遇到几十几,只变末位就可以。(thirty-first) 2)分数表达法:基/序,分子大于1 时分母 +s。 1/5-one fifth 2/5-two fifths 两种表达法: 1/2:a half 或 one second 1/4: a quarter或
23、 one fourth 3/4:three quarters或 three fourths 3)对东西的数量提问用How many + 名复 ?如: There is only a bird in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree? 4)对不可数名词的量提问用How much + 不可数名词?如: There is a little milk in the bottle. How much milk is there 5)对人口的数量提问用What?如: The population of China is 120,000,000.
24、What is the population o f China? 6)对星期和节日提问用What day?如: Yesterday was Women s Day / Friday. What day was yesterday? 7)对日期提问用What is / was the date ?如: Last Sunday was March 3 rd. What was the date last Sunday? 8) hundred, thousand, million, billion在表示具体数时, 不用复数,如: three million. 在表概数时用复数+of 短语,如: t
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