高考英语阅读理解细节理解类型题.pdf
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1、第 1 页共 10 页 1题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题,是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般 包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用who, what, when, where, why 和 how 等提 问。 )、语义转化题 (需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,两者存在表达上的 差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题 等 抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键,也是做好其他类型问题的基础。这类题型的 题干常为: When / Where did the story happen? Which of
2、 the following statements is (NOT) correct? Which of the following statements is (NOT) mentioned in the passage? Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? All the statements are true EXCEPT 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息,或是其变体。 所以, 搜查信息在阅 读中非常重要, 它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在 一篇短文里大
3、部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法,即先读 题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行分析对 比,找出答案。 2解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题,正确答案的根据 一定可以在原文中找到,即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。 通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征: (1)对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词,成为 正确选项。 (2)词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,或者改变原文句子的 语态,给考生制造障碍。 (3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,成为正确答案
4、。 (4)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的 题目 )。 干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题,若不仔细辨别,很容易 把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征: (1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换,使该选项看似正确,实 际上却是错误选项。 (2)把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发生的事 情当成已发生的事情。 (3)无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论,而文中并未涉及。 (4)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“ 张三 ” 换成 “ 李四 ” ,所述细节确实与原文一致,一不 小心就会误选。 (5)文不对题。这类题最不
5、容易辨别,选项中的描述与原文完全一致,确属原文中的一个细 节,这时要回到题干,看该选项是否能回答题干所提出的问题。 下面结合最新高考试题,对细节题的不同类型加以解读。 1直接信息题 对此类题型,考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查 阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给 第 2 页共 10 页 选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定最佳答案。 例 1 Wanted, Someone for a Kiss We re looking for producers to join us on the sound o
6、f London Kiss 100 FM. You ll work on the station s music programmes. Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. Please apply in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100. ()Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?
7、 AProducer Vacancies, Kiss 100. BMrs Oglivie, Palmlace Limited. CThe Enterprise Shopping Centre. DWealden District Council. 答案: A 例 2 As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in
8、 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. But the experience turned out to be very dull. ()What happened to the author in 2001? AShe flew an airplane. BShe entered a competition CShe went on a hot air balloon ride D. She moved into a retirement community 答案
9、: C 2间接信息题 做这类题目时, 考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理,然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别,这是 介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度。例 3 On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. Because I want students to thorough
10、ly study the material and exchange their ideas with e ach other in the classroom, I hav e a ruleno laptops, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy. ()Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with_. Athe course material B
11、others misuse of technology Cdiscussion topics Dthe author s class regulations 答案: D 高考阅读 -细节题 3数字计算题 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容,此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节 事实,有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、 月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字,它们对解题产生一定的影响。解 答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意,然后经过对比、 分析、 计算等就能够得出正确的 答案。 例 4 According to the Coalition s
12、 studies, of over two hundredmillion people living in the United States, up to three million are homeless and the number is still growing ()How many people are homeless in the U S. according to the Coalition studies? 第 3 页共 10 页 A39% of the population. B200 million people. CAbout 3 million people. D
13、About one fifth of the population 答案: C 4排列顺序题 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生 的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“ 首尾定位法 ” ,即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,迅 速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。 例 5 The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp ( 头皮 ) and sends them to a computer. The c
14、omputer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. ()Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? A scalpcomputercapwhe
15、elchair B computercapscalp wheelchair C scalpcapcomputer wheelchair D capcomputerscalp wheelchair 答案: C 探究点二主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握 文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查 的范围是: 基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较 好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层 次题。 1题型特点与命题方式 【设题类型】
16、(1)概括文章大意;(2)选出最佳题目(标题 ) (3)概括人物特点。 【设问形式】 (1)标题类常见的标题型题干: The best title / headline for this passage might be_. The text (passage) could be entitled _. What is the best title for the passage? Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? (2)大意类常见的主题型题干: This passage chiefly d
17、eals with _. What s the topic of the article? What is the subject discussed in the text? With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 【命题趋势】 考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的 能力。常见题型为最佳标题(title) 或中心思想 (main idea)等。主题思想是文章的核心,能否抓 住文章的主题思想,是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试,自然也以此作 为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地
18、抓住文章的主题思想,就要十分留意文章 第 4 页共 10 页 的开头和结尾, 要抓住文中具有概括性的信息,从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文,看作者主 要谈的是什么, 透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题,再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的 选项。 有些干扰项, 从局部看也许不算错,但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之 差,其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑,而忽略了文章的整体思想。 2解题思路与应试技巧 做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题 句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排,了解文章的重心,就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是 中心思想最精炼的表达形
19、式,选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文,不能太大也不能太小。命 题者在出这类题时,常常利用生活常识 编造干扰项, 把文中的细节当主旨,利用局部信息编造干扰项,编制超出文章范围的标题或 不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度,考生要特别留意。 下面结合高考试题,谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。 (1)标题类 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知 的信息概括出段落的中心思想,而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼,拟定出段落的标题。 在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。 文章标题可以是单词、短语, 也可以是句子。 标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内
20、容,抓住文章讨论的中心把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是:短小精悍,多为短语;涵盖 性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,既不能太大,也不能太小;精确性强, 不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 例 7 Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. So this year she did something more than a hobby: She planted vegetables in her yard. For her fist garden, Ms Feeley has put in 15
21、tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The familys old farm house has become a chicken bourse ,its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms.Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said ,“The cost of everything is going up and I was lo
22、oking to lose a few pounds too; so it s a win-win situation all around. ” They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy( 经济 ), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. Other have increased the size of their existing gardens. Seed
23、 companies and garden shops say no since the 1970s have there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. Now many gardens across the country hacek been sold out for several months. In Austin, Tex., some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list. George C.Ball Jr, owner of a compa
24、ny, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%, over last year, double the average growth of last five years. Mr.Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. The big one is striking use in me cost on food like bread and milk, together with the increases
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