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1、1 备课 时间 2014 年 8 月29 日 上课 时间 第周周 月日 课题名称Unit1 grammar (1) 课型新授课课时No.1 【学习目标】 Help the students learn how to use infinitive and verb-ing form as a noun. 【学习重点】the use of infinitive and verb-ing form as a noun. 【学习难点】Use the usages into practice. 【学法指导】Review , practice and read. 【导学过程 】 (学习方式,学习内容,学习
2、程序,问题)个案补充 展示导思 一、动词不定式是一种非谓语形式,由不定式符号to 加动词原形构成。如to do,to become 等。动词不定式仍保留原来动词的一些特征,如可有自己的宾语、状语、表 语等,它们一起构成动词不定式短语,如 to do work ,to study English hard 。可有一般、 完成、进行等时态以及主动、被动等语态。现以study 为例,列表如下: 主动被动 一般时to study to be studied 完成式to have studied to have been studied 进行式 来源:Zxxk.Comto be studying / 二
3、不定式结构的用法 动词不定式和不定式短语在句中除了不能作谓语外,可以作任何成分(可作主语、表 语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语)。 作主语 。 (1)不定式做主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。 To find a good job is not easy now. 当今找工作可真是不容易。 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. 汉语:。 学着为我们的未来制定合理的计划非常重要。 英语:。 (2)动词不定式短语做主语时,句子往往出现头重脚轻的情况。为了保持句子平 衡,这一主语往往用形式主语it 代替,而把真正主语放
4、到后面。因此,上面三句可 分别改成: = . 语 态 时 态 课中合作探究 2 = . = . 做宾语 。 不定式做宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带to 的不定式, 另一种是 “ 及 物动词 +疑问词 +带 to 的不定式 ” 。 (1) 及物动词 +带 to 的不定式结构: 只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有: ask, aim, agree, afford, care, decide, demand, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, promise, happen, determine 等。 To our surprise, he managed
5、to solve the complicated problem 。,他居然设法解 决了那个复杂的问题。 (2) 动 词 + 疑 问 代 ( 副 ) 词 + 不 定 式 。 这 类 动 词 常 见 的 有 : advise,decide,discuss,forget,know,learn,regard,remember,see,teach,wonder 等。常用的 疑问代(副)词有what, when, where, which, how, whether 等,但不用why. 总 统 想 知 道 该 如 何 处 理 目 前 的 状 况 。 The President wondered the
6、present situation. It is you that can decide whether to continue or to stop. . (3) 有时, 不定式可由it 代替, 而把不定式放到后面去。可以用这一结构: 动词 (find, think, feel ) +it+ 形容词 +不定式, it 作形式宾语。 I once thought it impossible for us to finish the job in such a limited time. 我一度认为我们在如此有限的时间内完成这项工作室不可能的。 由于噪音,我们发现很难让大家听到我们的声音。 We
7、 because of the noise. 做宾语补足语。有些及物动词除要求一个宾语外,还要求一成分做补充说明,这样这 个宾语的行为、 状态、特征等意思才相对完整,这个成分称为补足语。常见的有:advise, know, allow, believe, consider, force, want, persuade 等。 We cant t depend on him to help finish the work. 。 我们把她看做我的一个好朋友。We my best friend. 作定语 .不定式做定语时须放在被修饰的名词、代词或短语之后。常见的要求不定式 做后置定语的名词和代词有:a
8、bility, pity, plan, anxiety, chance, pleasure, refusal, honor, determination 等。 His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again. . 有许多问题需要解决。 注意:(1)有时序数词first, second 以及 last, only, best 与定冠词the 连用也常要求不 定式做定语。 这是关于这个主题今年面世的最好的书。This is to appear this. He is always the first to come and the l
9、ast to leave. . 3 (2)不定式做定语,它和它所修饰的词有时在意义上时动宾关系,所以,如果不 定式是不及物动词,其后面应跟必要的介词。 请给我一些写字用的纸。Please give me some paper to write on. 难道这是可骄傲的事吗?Is this something to be proud of ? 5. 作表语。 表语在系动词之后,说明或解释主语的内容,也可表示将来的动作。 He is training to be a national athlete. . 我们应该意识到得是尽可能保护我们的地球。 What we should realize is
10、 . 6. 作状语。 不定式做状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,通常表示目的、 原因、结果、程度等。 They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area. (原因 ). . 为了掌握英语, 你必须在上面花大力气。, you must spend much effort on it.( 目的 ) 现在说什么都晚了。It is too late to say anything about it now. 7. 不带 to 的动词不定式。 (1) 有些及物动词的复合宾语中作宾语补足语的不定式不带
11、to。这些动词往往是一些 表示感觉的动词,如:feel, hear, see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, look at 等,和使役 动词,如let,make, have等。 Did you notice him leave the house? 你注意到他离开那所房子了吗? 我经常听他发誓说他要努力学习。 注意:当这类结构转移为被动语态时,不定式的符号to 一般要补充上去。 (2) 在 had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but, can t help b
12、ut 等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to。 (3) 在介词 but,except 之后,如果其前有实义动词do 的某种形式,其后不定式一 般不带 to,反之则必须带to,表示 “ 不得不,只能 ” 。 你需要做的事情就是等待恰当的机会。All is wait for the right opportunity. I did nothing but watch TV last night. 8.动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态。 一般式: 动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同 时发生。 如: I hope to become a university student in t
13、wo years.(to become 发生在 hope 之后). We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room. (play 和 hear同时发生) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting. . We are too young to have seen the old society. . 进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如: The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came
14、 in. 看上去,他们正在讨论什么重要的事情。 4 They are seemed . (2)语态。如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式 一般要用被动语态形式。如: Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party. (不定式作主语) I wish to be sent to work in the country. (不定式作宾语) Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired? (不定式作定语) He went to the hospital to
15、be examined .(不定式作状语) 在 There be结构中, 修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。 如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如: These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) (二)动名词与其短语的构成。 一、动名词是另一种非谓语形式,由动词原形+-ing 构成
16、,没有人称和数的变化, 但有语态变化,并有一般式和完成式。 主动被动 一般式doing Being done 完成式Having done Having been done 二、动名词(短语)的用法。 动名词(短语)在句中的作用类似于名词,可作主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语和定 语等。 1.做主语。 动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。 Reading is an art. 。 It is no use crying over a spilt milk. 为打翻的牛奶哭泣的没有用的。 2.做宾语。 ( 1)作谓语动词的宾语。以下词只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate,
17、consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, mind,等。如: I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. (2)作介词的宾语。动词的-ing 形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关,常 见的几种搭配形式有:We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.(动词 + 介词结构 ) Our chemistry teacher h
18、as a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.(名词 +介词结构 ) I am tired of having the same food every day.( 形容词 +介词结构 ) (3)部分动词后面, 既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。 如:begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, need, require, want 等。 另,在 need, require, want 后接 -ing 形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但 要用被动形式,如:Your h
19、andwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like 语 态 时 态 5 接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 (4)advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定 式作宾语补足语,意义差别不大。 (5)部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使 用。如: forget, remember, regret 后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示 动作已经发生;mean to do 、mean d
20、oing ;try to do 设法尽 力做某事 / try doing ;stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的 状 语 ) /stop doing 停 止 做 某 事; cant help doing 禁 不 住 /can t help to do ;go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事/ go on doing 继续不停 地做某事。 3.做定语。 动名词做定语,往往表示被修饰词的用途、功能、作用。 a walking stick= a stick for walking a washing machine= a machine for washing 4.
21、动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态。 一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词 同时发生, 或发 生在谓语动作之前、之后。 如:We are interested in collecting stamps. /I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. 完成式:所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如: Imagine having travelled on the moon. 。 (2)被动语态。 如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态, 动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式
22、之分。如: The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。如: The bike needs repairing. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. She said she_ her uncle very much and hoped _him. A. mi
23、ssed, to hear from B. missed, to hear C. misses, hearing from D. misses, hearing 2. _a living, she had to work from morning till night. A. To make B. made C. Making D. To have made 3. Mrs Brown regretted_ his son. A. beated B. beating C. beat D. beaten 4. I often hear him _about the great writer. 课堂
24、自主检测 6 A. to talk B. talk C. speaking D. to tell 5. Missing the last bus means_ home. A. to walk B. walking C. walked D. walk 6. Paul doesnt have to be made_ . He always works hard. A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying 7. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hour
25、s just _ a look at the sports starts. A. had B. having C. to have D. have 8. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not 9. I didnt hear you come in last night. Thats good. We tired _ noisy. A. not to B. to be not C. to b
26、e D. not to be 10. I hear that you and Francis will spend your vacation in Nepal next spring. Yes, we are planning _. A. to B. to be C. it D. to do it 11. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed 12. The light in the office
27、is still on. Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 13. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you re calling 14. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A. To take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 15. I must apologize for _ ahead of time. That s all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
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