Statistics for the Life Sciences.pdf
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1、 STATISTICS FOR THELIFESCIENCES Fourth Edition Myra L. Samuels Purdue University Jeffrey A.Witmer Oberlin College Andrew A. Schaffner California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Duba
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5、cturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.Where those designations appear in this book,and Pearson Education was aware of a trademark claim,the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Samuels,Myr
6、a L. Statistics for the life sciences / Myra Samuels,Jeffrey Witmer.- 4th ed./ Andrew Schaffner. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-321-65280-5 1.Biometry-Textbooks.2.Medical statistics-Textbooks.3. Agriculture-Statistics-Textbooks.I.Witmer,Jeffrey A. II. Schaffner,Andre
7、w.III.Title. QH323.5.S23 2012 570.15195-dc22 2010003559 Copyright: 2012,2003,1999 Pearson Education,Inc. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise
8、, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of America.For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work,please submit a written request to Pearson Education,Inc.,Rights and Contracts Department,501 Boylston Street,Suite 900,Boston,MA 0
9、2116,fax your request to 617-671-3447,or e-mail at http:/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10EB14 13 12 11 10 ISBN-10:0-321-65280-0 ISBN-13:978-0-321-65280-5 Prefacevii 1 INTRODUCTION1 1.1Statistics and the Life Sciences1 1.2Types of Evidence7 1.3Random Sampling15 2 DESCRIPTION OFSAMPLES ANDPOPULATIONS26 2.1Introd
10、uction26 2.2Frequency Distributions28 2.3Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center40 2.4Boxplots45 2.5Relationships between Variables52 2.6Measures of Dispersion59 2.7Effect of Transformation of Variables (Optional)68 2.8Statistical Inference73 2.9Perspective79 3 PROBABILITY AND THEBINOMIALDISTRIBU
11、TION84 3.1Probability and the Life Sciences84 3.2Introduction to Probability84 3.3Probability Rules (Optional)94 3.4Density Curves99 3.5Random Variables102 3.6The Binomial Distribution107 3.7Fitting a Binomial Distribution to Data (Optional)116 4 THENORMALDISTRIBUTION121 4.1Introduction121 4.2The No
12、rmal Curves123 4.3Areas Under a Normal Curve125 4.4Assessing Normality132 4.5Perspective142 CONTENTS iii 5 SAMPLINGDISTRIBUTIONS145 5.1Basic Ideas145 5.2The Sample Mean149 5.3Illustration of the Central Limit Theorem (Optional)159 5.4The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution (Optional)16
13、2 5.5Perspective167 6 CONFIDENCEINTERVALS170 6.1Statistical Estimation170 6.2Standard Error of the Mean171 6.3Confidence Interval for 177 6.4Planning a Study to Estimate 187 6.5Conditions for Validity of Estimation Methods190 6.6Comparing Two Means199 6.7Confidence Interval for 206 6.8Perspective an
14、d Summary212 7 COMPARISON OFTWOINDEPENDENTSAMPLES218 7.1Hypothesis Testing: The Randomization Test218 7.2Hypothesis Testing: The t Test223 7.3Further Discussion of the t Test234 7.4Association and Causation242 7.5One-Tailed t Tests250 7.6More on Interpretation of Statistical Significance260 7.7Plann
15、ing for Adequate Power (Optional)267 7.8Students t: Conditions and Summary273 7.9More on Principles of Testing Hypotheses277 7.10The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test282 7.11Perspective291 8 COMPARISON OFPAIREDSAMPLES299 8.1Introduction299 8.2The Paired-Sample t Test and Confidence Interval300 8.3The Paire
16、d Design310 (m1- m2) ivContents 8.4The Sign Test315 8.5The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test321 8.6Perspective326 9 CATEGORICALDATA: ONE-SAMPLEDISTRIBUTIONS336 9.1Dichotomous Observations336 9.2Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion341 9.3Other Confidence Levels (Optional)347 9.4Inference for Propo
17、rtions: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test348 9.5Perspective and Summary359 10CATEGORICALDATA: RELATIONSHIPS 363 10.1Introduction363 10.2The Chi-Square Test for the Contingency Table365 10.3Independence and Association in the Contingency Table373 10.4Fishers Exact Test (Optional)381 10.5The Conting
18、ency Table385 10.6Applicability of Methods391 10.7Confidence Interval for Difference between Probabilities395 10.8Paired Data and Tables (Optional)398 10.9Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio (Optional)401 10.10 Summary of Chi-Square Test409 11COMPARING THEMEANS OFMANYINDEPENDENT SAMPLES414 11.1Introduc
19、tion414 11.2The Basic One-Way Analysis of Variance418 11.3The Analysis of Variance Model427 11.4The Global F Test429 11.5Applicability of Methods433 11.6One-Way Randomized Blocks Design437 11.7Two-Way ANOVA449 11.8Linear Combinations of Means (Optional)456 11.9Multiple Comparisons (Optional)464 11.1
20、0 Perspective475 2 * 2 r * k 2 * 2 2 * 2 Contentsv 12LINEARREGRESSION ANDCORRELATION 480 12.1Introduction480 12.2The Correlation Coefficient482 12.3The Fitted Regression Line492 12.4Parametric Interpretation of Regression: The Linear Model505 12.5Statistical Inference Concerning 511 12.6Guidelines f
21、or Interpreting Regression and Correlation516 12.7Precision in Prediction (Optional)527 12.8Perspective531 12.9Summary of Formulas542 13A SUMMARY OFINFERENCEMETHODS 550 13.1Introduction550 13.2Data Analysis Examples552 Appendices566 Chapter Notes583 Statistical Tables610 Answers to Selected Exercise
22、s639 Index647 Index of Examples655 b1 viContents vii Statistics for the Life Sciences is an introductory text in statistics, specifically addressed to students specializing in the life sciences. Its primary aims are (1) to show students how statistical reasoning is used in biological, medical, and a
23、gricul- tural research; (2) to enable students confidently to carry out simple statistical analyses and to interpret the results; and (3) to raise students awareness of basic statistical issues such as randomization, confounding, and the role of independent replication. Style and Approach The style
24、of Statistics for the Life Sciences is informal and uses only minimal mathe- matical notation.There are no prerequisites except elementary algebra;anyone who can read a biology or chemistry textbook can read this text. It is suitable for use by graduate or undergraduate students in biology, agronomy
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