Chapter 5--States of Consciousness.ppt
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1、Chapter 5 States of Consciousness,Some Early Definitions,Consciousness: All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear, organized, alert awareness Altered State of Consciousness (ASC): Awareness that is distinctly different
2、 in quality or pattern from waking consciousness Consciousness is NOT an all-or-nothing phenomenonit exists on a continuum,Sleep,Definition: Innate, biological rhythm Why do we sleep? What is happening in the brain during the various stages of sleep?,Figure 5.2,FIGURE 5.2 Sleep rhythms. Bars show pe
3、riods of sleep during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks of an experiment with a human subject. During unscheduled periods, the subject was allowed to select times of sleep and lighting. The result was a sleep rhythm of about 25 hours. Notice how this free-running rhythm began to advance around the
4、clock as they fell asleep later each day. When periods of darkness (shaded area) were imposed during the fifth week, the rhythm quickly resynchronized with 24-hour days. (Adapted from Czeisler, 1981.),Figure 5.3,FIGURE 5.3 Development of sleep patterns. Short cycles of sleep and waking gradually bec
5、ome the night-day cycle of an adult. While most adults dont take naps, midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the sleep cycle.,Measuring Sleep Changes,Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated
6、 with alertness and being awake Alpha Waves: Larger, slower waves associated with relaxation and just before falling asleep Delta waves: Very large and slow waves associated with a move to deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness.,Stages of Sleep,Stage 1: Small, irregular waves produced in l
7、ight sleep (people may or may not say they were asleep) Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch throughout body that may occur in Stage 1 Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity) appear Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear; very large and slow Stage 4: Deepest
8、 level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves,States of Sleep,Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light. Body is very still during REM sleep. Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM Behavioral Disorder. Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 1,
9、2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs. Seems to help us recover from daily fatigue.,Figure 5.6,FIGURE 5.6 (a) Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages of sleep during the n
10、ight. Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.,Sleep Disturbances,Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep, or waking early Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement. Avoid fighting it and read a book, for example, until y
11、oure struggling to stay awake. Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks. Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the same time each night, for example.,Types and Causes of Insomnia,Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitem
12、ent. Avoid fighting it and read a book, for example, until youre struggling to stay awake. Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks. Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the same time each night, for example. Tryptophan: Amino acid (chemical) that produces sleep.,
13、More Sleep Disturbances,Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4 Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep,Nightmares vs. Night terrors,Nightmares: Bad dreams Occur during REM sleep May occur once or twice a month; brief and easily (unfortunately) remem
14、bered Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares Night Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur Occurs during Stage 4 sleep Most common in childhood; may occur in adults,Physiological Sleep Problems,Sleep Apnea: Inte
15、rrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness Apnea can be treated by Surgery Weight loss Breathing mask Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS; Crib Death): Sudden, unexplained death of healthy infant (infants should sleep on back or on side to try t
16、o prevent),Dreams,REM Rebound: Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory: Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires Manifest content vs.
17、 Latent content Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper symbolic meaning Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain (that occur during sleep) that are not carried out,Dream Interpretation: Freud,Four dream processes (mental filters) that hide true
18、purposes of dreams Condensation: Combining several people, objects, or events into a single dream image Displacement: Directing emotions or actions toward safe or unimportant dream images Symbolization: Expressing feelings or ideas symbolically in dreams; not literal expression Secondary Elaboration
19、: Making a dream more logical and adding details while remembering it,Dreams: Perls,Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing when awake, or feelings that we need to re-own,Lucid Dreaming,Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capable of n
20、ormal thought and action,Hypnosis,Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases by passing magnets over body; true “animal magnetism” (“mesmerize” means to hypnotize) Must cooperate to become
21、hypnotized Hypnotic Susceptibility: How easily a person can be hypnotizedthis is a stable, measurable trait,Hypnosis Cans and Cannots,Hypnosis CAN Help people relax Reduce pain Get people to make better progress in therapy Hypnosis CANNOT Produce acts of superhuman strength Produce age regression Fo
22、rce you to do things against your will,Stage Hypnosis,Simulation of hypnotic effects. Tricks of the Trade: Waking Suggestibility: People on stage do not want to spoil the act, so they will follow any instruction. Selection of Responsive Subjects: Any “volunteer” who does not get hypnotized in the st
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