Problem Solving and Creative Thinking - Dan Weijers.ppt
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1、Problem Solving and Creative Thinking,Problem Solving,What is a Problem? A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached. A problem exists whenever one cannot go from the given situation to the desired situation simply by action. K. Dunker, On Prob
2、lem Solving, (1945) p. 1 What is Problem Solving? Problem Solving is the process of working out or discovering how to reach such a goal.,What is creative thinking?,Creative thinking is the process of generating novel ideas and alternative courses of action, no matter how good those ideas and alterna
3、tives might be. Creative thinking should not be seen as an alternative to critical thinking When you have recognised a problem, then you should employ creative thinking to produce some options for solving the problem, then you should employ critical thinking If you havent come up with enough options
4、 to begin with, then your critical thinking decision procedure might produce the wrong result a dangerous result!,Creative Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Problem Solving,Creative thinking supports critical thinking While critical thinking focuses on step-by-step, linear processes aimed at arriving
5、 at a correct answer, creative thinking begins with possibility, multiple ideas, and suspended judgement. It might be said that creative thinking supports the ideas with which critical thinking works. Thus, even though these two kinds of thinking work in different ways, they actually support one ano
6、ther and aim at the same ultimate goal, which is to solve a problem At the beginning of the process, creative methods are used to examine the problem environment, generate ideas, and make associations. Then the analysis and judgment faculties are brought into play, and the possibilities are analyzed
7、 for a possible solution. Robert Harris, CB pp. 115-6,Who is this man?,Archimedes,Great inventor, mathematician etc. The Screw The Lever,Archimedes,Helped protect Syracuse from the Romans in the siege of 213BC The Mirror The Claw,Archimedes puzzle,Did the smithy replace some of the kings gold with s
8、ilver? How did Archimedes find out? (Not Archimedes style to torture the smithy),Solution to Archimedes puzzle.,The solution, which occurred when he stepped into a public bath and caused it to overflow, was to put a weight of gold equal to the crown, and known to be pure, into a bowl which was fille
9、d with water to the brim. Then the gold would be removed and the kings crown put in, in its place. An alloy of lighter silver would increase the bulk of the crown and cause the bowl to overflow. Vitruvius, De Architectura And the wreath was impure!,Creative thinking!,It was very useful to Archimedes
10、 He was well respected and treated in Syracuse Marcellus, the Roman general, ordered his life to be spared when Syracuse finally fell But his obsession with maths was ultimately his downfall! Can we be like Archimedes? Can we learn to be creative thinkers?,4 Methods for Generating Ideas,Associative
11、Techniques Analytic Techniques Brainstorming Role Playing,Associative Techniques,Compare something familiar to something unfamiliar. Close analogy e.g. apples and pears Remote analogy e.g. Pringles Forced analogy,Forced Analogy 1,The problem: recreating that dazzling 360 degree panoramic holiday vie
12、w The forced analogy: a wreath The answer!,Forced Analogy 2,The problem: vertigo The forced analogy: swimming The answer!,Forced Analogy 3,The problem: Carrying lots of shopping when its raining The forced analogy: a tennis player The answer!,Analytic Techniques,Breaking a problem down into smaller
13、parts E.g. How can I make the All Blacks win the Rugby World Cup? Vital components of the problem: Henry: Just one: ensuring the ABs perform to their capacity Hence the 4 Rs of Henrys regime Rest Rotation Relationships within team are friendly Really discreet signaling during matches,Analytic Techni
14、ques,Unfortunately (as we know), Henry didnt analyse the problem thoroughly. He missed a vital component of the problem: The Barnes Factor,Analytic Techniques,Good analytic techniques will help to ensure that all of the important components of the problem are addressed,Brainstorming,Deliberately set
15、 about coming up with alternatives, and write them all down, no matter what. No idea is a bad idea (at least just yet) Edward de Bono 6 hats green hat time One company generated 2,200 ideas in one day!,Roleplaying,Roleplaying. Attempt to simulate aspects of the problem and proposed solutions. Try to
16、 imagine details of the relevant outcomes after your choice has been made, and attempt to put yourself in the shoes of other people. A good method for gathering information and gaining perspective E.g. Theoretical vs. practical lecturing E.g. Customers-eye-view of displays E.g. Hand-out-of-the-car-w
17、indow aerodynamics,But Archimedes was not just a creative thinker.,He was also a prolific problem solver So, how can we harness these 4 idea creation techniques to help us solve problems? Ideas should be generated after the problem has been properly understood and represented,Solving real problems i
18、s a two step process:,Problem,Model,Solution,The Main Message,In order to generate potentially fruitful ideas, and thereby make it more likely that you solve your problem, make sure you represent the problem in the right way.,C B A,One and only one of the switches (A, B & C) on the outside of the ro
19、om turns on all of the lights (x, y & z) in the room From outside, you cannot see into the room The wiring is hidden from view You are not allowed to damage any of the property Is there a way of knowing for sure which switch turns the lights on? Once you enter the room, you cannot leave again to rea
20、rrange the switches,x y z,The Lights Example,Switches: Possible arrangements: A 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 B 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 C 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 on, 0 off,The Lights Example,Solving real problems is a two step process:,Problem,Model,Solution,The Main Message,In order to generate potentially fruitful ideas, and
21、 thereby make it more likely that you solve your problem, make sure you represent the problem in the right way.,The Bird-Train Problem (Posner, 1973),Station 1 and Station 2 are 50 miles apart on a straight train track Train 1 leaves Station 1 at the same time that Train 2 leaves Station 2 Both trai
22、ns travel at 25 miles per hour toward the other station The bird starts directly above Train 1 and flies above the track until it reaches Train 2. Then it flies back to Train 1 etc. The bird flies at 230 miles per hour How far has the bird flown by the time the trains meet?,The Bird-Train Problem (P
23、osner, 1973),Solving real problems is a two step process:,Problem,Model,Solution,The Main Message,In order to generate potentially fruitful ideas, and thereby make it more likely that you solve your problem, make sure you represent the problem in the right way.,The Drop Block Problem,What will happe
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