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1、1 自考笔记外刊经贸知识选读 第一部分导言 一、内容梗概 选文题材包括与我国经贸研究与实际工作有关的几个主要方面:中国对外贸易与吸 收外资的概况以及其改革开放的大背景,国际经贸的宏观形势,世界经济和贸易大国 的贸易政策和问题,亚洲新兴经济的状况和问题,日益激烈的市场竞争,从关贸总协 定到世界贸易组织,初级产品市场的前景预测和市场变化的微观报导等。这些课程内 容的表达上语言上则提供了大量的、丰富的经贸研究与实际工作经常需用的词语、句 式和文体及其应用的范例。 二、课程目标 学习本课程,要求学生初步掌握使用英语从西方报刊或相类的材料中直接了解并获 取经贸信息的基本知识和技巧。 为了实现这一最终目的
2、,必须在学习过程中切实达到下列目标: 1、熟悉并掌握课文中出现的经常用于报刊经贸文章(或相类材料) 的词、片语和句型; 2、能比较熟练地运用这些语言知识并结合所学的经贸业务和背景知识正确地理解教材 中的课文练习用文、补充阅读材料等,并能得其要旨。 三、课程性质 课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业的必考课和英语专业的选修课,是为培 养和检验自学应考者的阅读和理解西方报刊经贸文章所需的专业英语的基本知识和应 用能力而设置的一门专业英语课程。这一课程是英语阅读和理解课的一个专业分支。 其特点是:阅读材料以当代国际经贸活动为主要内容和背景;文章是用相关的英语表 达的课程的设计和教材的编写着力于提示
3、和总结这类材料的语言运用规律的启发有关 经贸知识的应用。由于课程内容的高度经贸专业化,学习本课程之前应完成经济学和 其他国际贸易基础课程的学习。 四、学习方法 1、首先要反复认知和记忆教材中出现的在西方经贸报刊文章(英语)中经常使用的 词、片语和句型,了解其含义,掌握其用法,能够熟练地运用在阅读理解之中; 2、在初步掌握了有关语言知识的基础上,在阅读中要结合所学文章的上下文和内容 背景运用这些基本语言知识去正确、深入、灵活地理解。这里所谓“灵活”,就是说一 2 个词,片语或句型具体用在一句一段一篇里时其含义以至其用法经常有所变化,报刊 文字尤其如此,而读者在理解上也要有随和应变之巧,不可一味墨
4、守而不得其真义。 3、报刊经贸文章的内容就是述评世界经济和国际贸易,极具专业性。读懂这种文章 仅具一定的英语水平是无法深入的,必须有必要和充实的经贸知识和应用这些知识认 识问题的能力。 五、试卷结构 、共 15小题, 30 分,客观基础题,答案唯一 、共 10小题, 10 分,常用的经贸短语、词语 、共 10小题, 10 分,常用的经贸专有名词、词语、短语 、两个短文,共6 小题, 24 分,根据两篇短文回答问题 、共 10小题, 15 分,根据文章判断句子正误 、共 1 题,11 分,把所给英文短文翻译成汉语 六、应试技巧 1、认真审题,理解题意 2、先易后难 3、尽量掌握一些翻译技巧、丰富
5、经贸知识 4、灵活处理课外考点 5、紧跟考点制定复习策略 七、命题趋势 本课程命题的依据,本课程考试命题的内容范围、能力层次和考试重点均以大纲规 定的考核目标为依据。在命题时,每份试卷中“识记”性的试题应占40% ; “理解”性 试题应战 30% ,掌握性试题应占30% ,三者可在 5% 上下浮动。试题的难易度分为:易、 较易、较难、难四种,每份试卷中的难度的分数比例一般为2:3:3:2 为宜。 从历年试题来看,试卷结构不变,共六道大题,对于“识记”的知识点,常以第二、 第三道题英汉互译、选择题的形式出现。理解性的知识以回答问题、判断正误的题型 出现考查,短文翻译则主要考查对经贸知识的掌握情况
6、。 第二部分各课知识点 这门课程考试主要以五大题型进行考查,分别为选择题,英汉互译,根据短文回答 问题,根据短文判断正误,英语短文翻译成汉语。其中选择题,英汉互译,短文翻译 3 以课本为核心进行考查,根据短文回答问题,根据短文判断正误都是课外知识拓展, 因此在本书复习时,我们把每课知识归为六部分:课文摘录(翻译),词汇与短语,重 点词语解释,英汉互译,重点语句,课文重点难点段落翻译。 第 1 课中国的对外贸易 China in the Market Place 市场经济中的中国 一、 (Excerpts ) (摘录) Barry Coulthurst examines the developm
7、ent of Chinas trade policy and the present state of the overseas links 巴里 库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 The pattern of Chinas foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the Peoples Republic .During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European count
8、ries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country s industrialisation programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently r
9、esulted in serious economic imbalances.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961) with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962. 自从中华人民共和国成立以来,中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20 世纪 50 年代,中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备,用于侧重于重工 业发展所必须的工业化项目。 19
10、581959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益, 但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961) 加剧了经济问题,造成 1960-1962 年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of China s
11、 foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries. 4 20 世纪 60 年代,苏联经济和技术援助撤走, 导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易 转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家 发展贸易关系。The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revo
12、lution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints限制 became more serious. “文化大革命”期间( 1966-1976)工农业生产一落千丈,交通运输限制更加严重,中 国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 Foreign trade, which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme, has grown rapidly over the past few
13、years.A major trade agreement with Japan, under which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was signed in February 1978 .China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of 继什么之后the no
14、rmalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force (解释:施行) in February 1980, accords授予 China most-favoured nation treatment.(最惠国待遇) 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年 2 月于日本 签订了一个主要贸易协定,根据这个协定,中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备和 技术。1978 年中国也与
15、欧共体签订了长期贸易协定,继 1979年初与美国的外交关系正 常化以后,中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980 年 1 月 25 日生效的中美贸易关系协定 给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类 A commodity breakdown of Chinas trade shows that fuels (燃料) accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, food products for 13 per cent, textile fibres and mineral ores for 7 per cent and manufac
16、tured goods (the most important products were textiles, chemicals and machinery and transport equipment) for 55 per cent. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic , strong emphasis has been placed on importing capital equipment in order to strengthen the industrial sector.But the leading categorie
17、s of imports in 1982 were food, which accounted for 22 per cent of the total, light manufactured items with a share of 20 per 5 cent and machinery and transport equipment with 17 per cent. 中国的贸易商品分类表明,1982 年燃料占总出口的24% ,食品占 13% ,纺织纤维和 矿砂占 7% ,制造品占 55% (最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备)。自 从新中国建立以来,中国一直重视进口资本设备
18、以便加强工业部门。但是1982年进口 的主要是食品,占进口总额的22% ,轻工业产品占 20% ,机械和运输设备占17% 。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities(权 威、权力) has been to reduce(减少) the proportion(比例) of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products.A wide variety (多样性) of industrial
19、 goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry,food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年,中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例,增加工业和矿 产品的出口比例。中国现在
20、出口种类繁多的工业品,许多发展中国家采用中国的资本 设备,用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项 目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化 The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately (大约) 11 per cent per annum.As a result, the
21、visible trade surplus (有形贸易顺差) rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983.Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by Chinas economic planners, but also because a numb
22、er of industrial projects were postponed in 1979.Official(官方) recognition(承认) that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy.Grain imports have fallen sharply
23、over the past few years - China became a net grain exporter in 1984 - and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 6 1978-1983 年建,中国出口额按美元计算,平均每年增长率近18% ,每年进口额增长 率约是 11% 。 因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的 14 亿美元猛增到 1982年的 44亿美元, 1983 年是 37 美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多,这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重 视出口,还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。
24、官方认识到,在中国经济走向现代化 的过程中外国技术起着主要作用,这种认识导致1978 年进口增长 50% 以上,给国民经 济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少1984 年中国成为粮食净出口 国-1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。 The pattern of foreign trade growth was reversed in 1984: the value of exports increased by 10 per cent, but imports jumped 38 per cent with the result that the visible trade acco
25、unt was in deficitby US $ 1.1 billion.The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant 上升的 economic activity as well as to the success of the Governments trade and foreign investment policies. 1984年外贸发展模式出现反向发展,出口值增长 10% ,进口值急剧上升到38% ,结果有 形贸易支出出现逆差,达11 亿美元。去年进口的大幅度上升归因于政府的贸易政策和 对外贸易
26、政策的成功以及区域升温的经济活动。 Direction of Trade 贸易方向 Hong Kong is China s major export market accounting for approximately(大 约) 26 per cent of total exports in 1983 (though much is re-exported to other destinations from there).Other important markets include Japan, with a share of 20 per cent in 1983, and the
27、USA with approximately 8 per cent.The EEC s share of Chinas exports has generally been around 11-12 per cent over the past few years (the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom), while the proportion destined指定 for the Comecon countries declined from
28、almost 15 per cent in 1978 to 6 per cent in 1983.The non-oil developing countries (excluding Hong Kong) accounted for 23 per cent of Chinas total exports in 1983. 香港是中国的主要出口市场,1983 年约占总出口的26% (尽管许多出口商品从那里 再出口到其他地方)。其他重要的出口市场包括日本,1983年占 20% ;还有美国,占总 出口近 8% 。过去几年欧共体展中国出口额大约11-12% (欧共体内主要的出口市场是德 国和英国)
29、,出口到经互会国家的比例从1978 年的约 15% 下降到 6% 。1983 年非石油国 7 家(不包括香港)占中国出口总额的23% 。 In sharp contrast(鲜明对比) the developing countries provided less than 15 per cent of Chinas imports in 1983.The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan, with a share of 26 per cent, and the USA with 13 per
30、cent.The EEC s share in 1983 was 15 per cent and that of Comecon 8.2 per cent. 1983 年发展中国家给中国提供的进口不到15% ,与发达国家形成鲜明对比。工业国家 中对中国来说最大的供应国是日本,占26% ;其次是美国,占 13% 。1983 年欧共体国家 占 15% ,经互会国家占 8.2%。 The successful outcome to negotiations(谈判) between Britain and China about the future (未来) of Hong Kong will st
31、rengthen (加强) Sino-British relations and is expected to boost(推动) trade between the two countries.A large British economic and trade delegation (代表团) , headed by Lord Young, Minister without Portfolio(不管大臣) , visited China in March.The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which rose rapidly between
32、1977 and 1980, declined in 1981-1982, but recovered strongly in 1983; imports from the United Kingdom followed a similar pattern (相似的样式) .The most important Chinese exports to Britain in 1983 were clothing, textile fibres(纺织品纤维) , tea and food products while the leading British exports included iron
33、 and steel(铁和钢), machinery and transport equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres. 中英关于香港未来谈判的成功将会加强中英关系并有望促进两国贸易。有不管大臣杨 勋爵率领的一个大型英国经济和贸易代表团3 月份访问了中国。中国出口到英国的总 值在 1977-1980 期间迅速增长。 1981-1982 年间下滑,但 1983 年恢复很快;从英国的 进口基本上也是一样。 1983 年中国出口到英国的最重要的物品是服装、纺织纤维、茶 叶和食品;英国的主要出口商品包括钢铁、机械
34、及运输设备、科学仪器、化工产品和 纺织纤维。 Chinese officials stress ( 着 重 ) the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry (国内的工业) , but the need is for technology of varying(不同的) degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West. 8 中国政府重视向
35、国内的工业引进先进的的技术,但是需要的是各种各样的高精尖技 术, ,而不一定是西方人所理解的先进技术。 Reserves Rise 储备增加 There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments, but the size of the visible trade surplus (过剩的) during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest (表明) that the
36、 current account (经常项目) has been in surplus over the past few years. 关于国际收支的无形贸易收支目前还没有官方统计资料,但是 1981-1983 年间的有 形贸易顺差规模以及公布的旅游收益增加表明,在过去几年中经常项目一直是顺差。 Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately(近似地 , 大 约) US $ 2.5 billion at end 1980 to US $ 17.0 billion (sufficient(充分 的 , 足 够 的
37、)for approximately eight months imports) by October 1984.Approximately US 12 billion of the countrys reserves are held by the central bank, the People s Bank of China, while the balance is controlled by the Bank of China which specialises in foreign exchange business.Individual (个别的 , 单独的) cities mu
38、st try to balance their foreign exchange earnings and requirements, but there is some scope for purchasing(购买) additional foreign exchange with Renminbi yuan.The authorities(权力) are willing to permit a run-down in the countrys international reserves over the next few years as a means of accelerating
39、 the introduction of foreign technology. 外汇储备从 1980 年底近 25 亿美元迅速上升到1984 年 10 月的 170 亿美元(足以用于 近 8 个月的进口)约120 亿美元的外汇储备由中央银行及中国银行拥有,剩余部分由 专门从事外汇业务的的中国银行控制。各个城市必须平衡各自得外汇盈余和所需,但 是允许用人民币购买额外的外汇。政府愿意在未来的几年中允许减少国家的国际储备, 作为加速引进外国技术的一种途径。 China has shown a much more flexible approach to foreign trade over the
40、 past few years and has adopted a series of measures designed to strengthen international economic co-operation.Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China itself has participated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad.Since the late 1970s China has
41、 also 9 adopted foreign trade practices long-established in many other countries, Good are produce according to a sample provided by the customer, while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade where by a foreign seller supplies raw materials (原料) and equipment and receives manufactured g
42、oods, produced by the equipment provided, in return.Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product.Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign grade are eligibl
43、e for exemption from customs duties and taxation. 在过去的几年中,中国的对外贸易表现出非常灵活的方式,并采取了一系列措施, 用以加强国际经济合作。鼓励外国在中国举办商品展览,中国自己也参与了一系列在 国外举办的商品展览交易会。自从20 世纪 70 年代末以来,中国也采纳了许多国家早 已建立的对外贸易惯例。根据顾客所提供的样品生产货物,同时极力推行补偿贸易, 即外商供应原材料和设备 , 并回收由这些设备生产的制造品。补偿贸易不同于易货贸易 和反向贸易,因为在给外国所提供的设备和制造品之间有着直接的联系。始于1978 年 的制造业组装和特殊的对外贸
44、易形式可以免除海关税和工商统一税。 Investment Encouraged 鼓励投资 A series of polices designed to encourage foreign investment have accompanied these trade reforms(改革) .A law adopted in 1979 defines(定义 , 详细说明) the principles(法则 , 原则) governing the rights and interests of participants in joint ventures ( 合 资 ) . The Chin
45、a International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) , established in 1979, co-ordinates incoming foreign investment, promotes joint ventures by assisting Chinese and foreign enterprises to find suitable business partners and also has responsibility (责任 , 职责) for negotiating(谈判) contracts relati
46、ng to 100 per cent foreign-owned enterprises.When negotiations are complete and a joint venture contract has been agreed, it is submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for final approval. 伴随着这些贸易改革, 中国政府制定了一系列鼓励外国投资的政策。1979年采用的 一项法律界定了指导合资企业参与者的权利及利益的准则。建立于 1979 年的中国国际 10 信
47、托投资公司 协调外来投资,通过帮助中外企业找到合适的商业伙伴推进合资企业的 发展,并负责与 独资企业 通过谈判签订合同。当谈判结束,统一签订合资企业合同时, 该合同要提交到对外经济贸易部最后审批。 Chinas cautious(谨慎的 , 小心的) approach to foreign borrowing (借款) is to be maintained(维持 , ), at least for the time being.The debt(债务 , 罪 过) problems confronting (面对, 面对面, 对质) a number of developing countr
48、ies have reinforced(加强)Chinas determination(决心 , 果断) to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.Foreign investment is advantageous(有利的) insofar(在. 的范围) as it facilitates
49、 the transfer of technology and skills and avoids creating an overhang of debt.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy, such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints, have been tackled.(解决) Chinas access 进权使用to substantial大量的 sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms. 中国借用外款的谨慎态度还要继续维持下去,至少暂时是这样。许多发展中国家所 面对的债务问题加强了中国通过直接投资和由卖方提供付款方式来引进外资,而不是 通过国际资本市场筹集大额资金来引进外资的决心。外国投资具有优越性,因为它可 推进技术转让,避开债务威
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