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1、初中英语句子成份 英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的 作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分,才能正确分析、理解句子 的含义,并能准确地遣词造句,逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分? 【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主语、谓语 、宾语、定语、状语、表语 和宾语补足语等。 英语五种基本句型列式如下: 一: (主谓) 二: (主系表) 三: (主谓宾) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主谓宾宾补) 【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词及短语充当? 1.主语:是句子要说明的人或
2、事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动 名词等充当。如: The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词 ) We are students. / This is my pen .Yours is on the desk.(代词 ) One of my classmatesis from Shanghai. / Two and threeis finve.( 数词 ) The blind needmore help.(名词化的形容词) Its bad mannersto spit in pu
3、blic. (不定式 ) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词 ) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it 作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语 )放 在句后。 .2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义 动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓 语,情态动词与省略to 的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如: 由单一动词作谓语:We are Chinese. / He hasan English- Chinese dictionary. 情态动词加
4、主要动词:Wecan play the piano. / You must seethe doctor. 助动词加主要动词构成谓语:Sheis talking with her sister./ I have seenthis man before. 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 3.表语:用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常 用的连系动词有:be,look ,get,sound( 听起来 ),feel,become,smell, turn ,taste(尝 起来 )等。如: They are workers.(名词 ) Two andthr
5、ee is five.( 数词 ) The story is very interesting.(形容词 ) M y job(工作 )is teaching English.(动名词 ) Sheis at home.(介词短语 ) I feel terrible.( 形容词 ) The dish tastesdelicious.( 形容词 ) He is here(副词 ) It sgetting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill hasturned green. (形容词 ) 4. 宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词
6、、不定式 及动名词等充当。如: He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词 ) They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词 ) I want three./ Pleasepassme the first. (数词 ) Shewants to go home.(不定式 ) We enjoy playing football.( 动名词 ) 【注意】有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的 有: give,
7、buy,lend, pass, tell,leave 等。如: He bought me a book. Passme the ball,will you?(间宾直宾 ) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加 适当的介词如to 或 for 等。如: Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾间宾 ) Xiao Liu bought adictionary for Tom.(直宾间宾 ) 有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish, hope, promise,decide,agree, choo
8、se,care等。如: I hopeto seeyou again. 有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy ,finish , mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep(on)等。如: Do you mind my opening the window ? 有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 a)forget to do 表示 “ 未发生的动作 ” ,forget doing 表示 “ 已完成的动作” 。如: Dont forget to come hereearlier tomorrow.( 还没来 ) I forgot returni
9、ng the book to him.(书已还给他了 ) b)stop to do(不定式为状语 )表示 “ 停下 原来的事,去做另一件事” , stop doing 表示 “ 停止做某事 ” 。如: I stopped to talk with him.( 我停下来与他谈话。) The studentsstopped talking when the teacher camein.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。 注意:英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词,不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动 词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整,不及物动词本身意义已完整,后面不跟宾语。 You may usemy pen. /
10、 Do you like fish? ( 及物 ) Dick swims very well. / The sunrises in the east.(不及物 ) 不及物动词可加介词再加宾语 We are listening to the music. They are talking to each other. 既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词: We are growing tomatoes./ Tomatoes grow well in our garden. They left Shanghaiyesterday./ They left yesterday. My mother
11、 teachesin this school. / She teachesEnglish. We are studying. / We study English. We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine. 5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。 有些及物动词可带有两个宾语,其中一个指物 (直接宾语) , 另一个指人 (间接宾语) 。 我们称为双宾语。 动词 +间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物) He lent me abook. / He bought me apen. / I have taught myself English f
12、or ten years. 动词 +直接宾语(物)+(to,for) +间接宾语(人) He gavehis son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son. Father bought me acomputer. = Father bought acomputer for me. 6. 定语:用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如: What a beautiful kite it is!/ They have aclever son.(形容词 ) Sheis a chemistry teacher./ It is
13、a colour film.( 名词 ) There are two studentsin the classroom.(数词 ) This song is better than that one.(代词 ) Do you know the young man over there?(副词 ) We have something to do tomorrow.( 不定式 ) The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语 ) 【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语, 则放在后面。 7. 状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词
14、、介词短语、不定式短语或从 句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。如: Thank you very much.(副词表示程度) The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式) He usually gets up at six.(副词表示时间) We all wouk here. (副词表示地点 ) I get up at five in the morning.( 介词短语表示时间) He is studying hard so asto catch up with others.(不定式短语 ) We were having
15、 breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句 ) 【注意】 enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如: He is old enough to go to school. 八状语 状语(adverbial )是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如: 1The girl is improving remarkably.这个女孩大有进步。 2可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、 介词短语、从句等。 (1) 。副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but re
16、ad it well. 这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。 3状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、 条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 (1) 。时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world. (2).地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of
17、fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform( 月台). (3) 。原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4). 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldn the
18、ar what she said. (5). 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调 时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter( 隐蔽处 ).他跑去避雨。 In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。 We llbe lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和
19、句首。 For all his money, he didn tseem happy. 他尽管有钱,但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didn tknow me. (8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何? (9).伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood
20、there ,pipe( 烟斗) in mouth. (1). 形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。 有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如: The man, cruel beyond belief, didn tlisten to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷,不听取他们的恳求。 (2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。 (名词用作
21、并与补语) 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲面很嫩,你会以为她是我的姐姐(名词短语作宾语补语) 3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾语补语) 3.I found the book very interesting. 我发现那本书很有趣。 (形容词短语用作宾 补) 4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。 (不定式用作宾语补语) 5.I call this rob
22、bing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。 ( 动名作宾补 6.Donttake his kindness for granted. 不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。 8. 宾语补足语:用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构 成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell ,let,help, teach, ask,see ,have,order , make 等。 “ 宾补 ” 一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如: We elected him monitor. / (名词 ) I found it difficultto lea
23、rn English well. / The sun keepsus warm./ We find the story very interestingh. (形容词 ) I found her in the room.(介词短语 ) Pleaselet him in. / I saw him out with XiaoLi. (副词 ) The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语 ) He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词 ) They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词
24、) 七同谓语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解 释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同谓语(appositive ).这两个句子成分多 由名词(代词)担任,同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。 1名词用作同谓语是大量的。 (1). We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子,一男一女。 (2)We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成
25、一个强大的繁荣的国 家。 2代词用作同谓语。 (1) 。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 (2) 。Letsyou and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。 3数词用作同谓语。 (1) 。Are you two ready? 你们俩准备好了吗? (2) 。They two went, we three stayed behind. 他们俩去了,我们三个留了下来。 4不定式与动名词用作同谓语。 (1) 。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has
26、 met with some opposition. 他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反 对。 (2) 。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭,被拒绝了。 5Of 短语用作同谓语 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking吸烟嗜好 6从句用同谓语,即同谓语重句 (1) 。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不
27、确。 (2) 。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。 句子成分练习题 ( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacherwith two of his studentsis walking into the classroom. There is anold man coming here. The usefuldictionary wasgiven by my motherlast year. To do todayshomeworkwithou
28、t theteachershelpis very difficult. Keys: teacher man dictionary To do (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on thewall. A. dontB. likeC. pictureD. wall The daysget longer andlonger when summercomes. A. getB. longerC. daysD. summer Do you usually goto schoolby bus? A. DoB. usuallyC.goD. bus There w
29、ill be ameetingat the library this afternoon. A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon Did thetwins haveporridge for their breakfast? A.DidB. twinsC. haveD. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. doD. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to tellC. yo
30、uD. is Wehad bettersendfor a doctor. A. WeB. hadC. sendD. doctor He is interestedin music. A. isB. interestedC. inD. music Whom did you give my book to? A. giveB.didC. whom D. book Keys: B ACACCDCAA (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brotherhasntdonehis homework. Peopleall over theworld speakEnglish. You must paygood
31、 attentionto your pronunciation. How manynew wordsdid you learn lastclass? Someof the studentsin theschool wantto goswimming, how aboutyou? The old mansitting at thegatesaidhe wasill. They madehim monitor of theclass. Go acrossthe bridge andyou will find the museumon theleft. You will find it useful
32、 after you leaveschool. They didnt know who “Father Christmas“really is. Keys: homework.English.attentionwordsto go swimming he was ill.himmonitorbridgemuseumit school.who“FatherChristmas“reallyis. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old manwasfeeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaveshaveturnedyello
33、w. SoonThey all becameinterestedin the subject. Shewasthe first to learnaboutit. Keys: tired.worriedyellow.interestedthefirst (五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They useMr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On thethird lap areClass1 andClass3. I amafraid somepeopleforgot to sweepthefloor. The mandownsta
34、irswastrying to sleep. I amaiting for thesoundof theother shoe! Keys: familygiventhirdsomedownstairsof theothershoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Shelikes thechildren to readnewspapersandbooks in the reading-room. He askedher to taketheboy outof school. Shefound it difficult to dothe work. They call me Lily som
35、etimes. I sawMr Wanggeton thebus. Did you seeLi Ming playing football on the playgroundjust now? Keys: toreadnewspapersandbooksto taketheboy difficultLilygeton thebusplayingfootball (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There wasa big smile on her face. Every night heheardthenoiseupstairs. He beganto learnEnglish whenhe wa
36、seleven. The manon themotorbike wastravelling too fast. With themedicine box under herarm,Miss Li hurried off. Shelovesthe library becausesheloves books. I amafraid that if youve lost it, you mustpay for it. The studentsfollowed Uncle Wangto seetheother machine. Keys: on herface.Everynightwhenhe was
37、 eleven. toofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarmbecause shelovesbooks.if you ve lostitto seetheothermachine. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Pleasetell usastory. My father bought anew bike for melast week. Mr Li is going to teachushistory next term. Hereis a pen.Giveit to Tom. Did heleaveany messagefor me? Keys: u
38、s, 间接宾语 , astory, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语anew bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语message,直接宾语 由一个 从句 在句子中作 宾语 ,这个句子就叫宾语从句。 For example: 1. Iknow she lives here. 2. Father is thinkingof how we canget tothe station? 3. I am sorry that I am late for class. .宾语从句的连接词有三种形 由 that 引导; 2.由连接代
39、词who,what,which,whose 和连接副词when,where,why how 等引导; 3.由 if 或 whether 引导。 1.当宾语从句是由陈述句变化而来的时候,该从句通常由that 引导。 That 无具体意义,不 作任何成分,因此在口语或者非正式文体中常常被省略。For example. We allsay.Lao Wang is agood friend. We all say(that)Lao Wang is a good friend. I sure. You have seenthat book before. I m sure(that)you have s
40、eenthat book before. ?Exercise: ?1. He said _ everyone was hereexcept LinFeng. ?a,thatb,whatc,whend,where ?2. My friend says.He is ateacher.(变成宾语从句) My friend (that) he is a teacher 2.当宾语从句由一般疑问句变来时,须用连词if 或者 Whether 引导, 意思为 “ 是否 ” ,表示 选择。 For example: 1).Could you tell us?will he ready come here? C
41、ould you tell us if (whether) he will really come here? Is the Summer Palace open now? could you tell me? Could you tell me if (whether) the Summer Palace is open now. 思考: I f 和 whether 在引导宾语次从句时有区别吗?如果有,请说出它们的区别 .当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变来时,则用连接代词who, Whose, what, which 和连接副词when, where, why, how 等引导。它们均是充当一定成分,一般不可省略。For example: Could you tell me?where is the nearestpostoffice? Could youtell me where the nearestpost office is? 注意: 连接词与其后名词构成短语时则不可拆开使用。 For example: what time, which room, how many people.等。 For example: pleasetell me how many pictures they vedrawn recently.
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