2019届高考英语基础保分篇第一讲名词讲与练新人教版.pdf
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1、名词 李仕才 基础保分篇 第一讲名词 第一课时知识过关课 1. 不可数名词与可数名词的转化 (1) 表示种类时:various fruits(各种水果 ) 。 (2) 表示“一场 / 段 /件, ”时:a timely rain(一场及时雨 ) 。 (3) 表示“一杯 / 罐 /瓶”的 tea , coffee ,beer 等: two beers(两杯啤酒 ) 。 (4) 表示不同意思时:room 房间 ( 可数 ) ;余地,空间 ( 不可数 ) 。 注意 有些不可数名词无论什么情况下也没有复数形式,即使受形容词修饰也不能加不定 冠词,可称作“绝对不可数名词”。例如:fun , housew
2、ork , homework, advice , information, news,progress , equipment ,furniture,baggage/luggage ,jewellery,machinery 等。 2. 抽象名词具体化 表示某种特性、状态、情感、情绪的抽象名词,可以具体化为可数名词,表示这样的“人或 物”。常见的有: 单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义 success 成功成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣令人高兴的事 attractio n 吸引有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美;美丽美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物 dange
3、r 危险危险的人或因素 delight 高兴令人高兴的事 failure 失败失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲令人骄傲的事或人 3. 具体名词抽象化 具体名词可以部分丧失其一般意义,具有抽象名词的特征,因此无单复数形式。 (1)by 后跟表示交通工具一类的名词,名词抽象化表概念,名词前无限定词,也不用复数; 否则要用相应的介词。如:by bus/car/train/bikeon a bus/in a car/on the train等。 (2) 在 go to school/church/hospital和 at schoo
4、l, in prison等短语中,名词抽象化表 示概念。 4.of use/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等某些抽象名词,其含义相当于 对应的形容词useful ,valuable,helpful,different,important,beneficial在句中可 作定语、表语、补语等。 The book is of great use.(The book is very useful.)这本书很有用。( 表语 ) This is a book of great use. 这是一本非常有用的书。( 定语 ) I find the book o
5、f great use. 我觉得这本书非常有用。( 宾补 ) 5. 名词前的修饰语。 (1)several,(a) few,many, many a,a great/good many,a large number of ,scores of , dozens of等只能修饰可数名词;除many a 后接单数可数名词外,其余要接复数名词。 (2)a bit of,(a) little(少) ,much,a great deal of,a large amount of等只能修饰 不可数名词。 (3)some ,any,plenty of,a lot of,lots of, a large qu
6、antity of, quantities of, masses of 等既可修饰可数名词的复数,也可修饰不可数名词。 读语篇,悟语法。反复朗读下列短文,领悟画线黑体之名词的类别。 Born on August 23, 1988 in America 1, Jeremy_ShuHow_Lin 2 is a_professional_basketball 3 player 4 with the_Huston_Rockets_of 5 the_National_Basketball_Association 6 (NBA). But, to some degree, many Chinese fan
7、s 7 and coaches 8 take him as a_Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as a_Chinese 9 just because he has a typical Chinese face and his_parents 10 were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently become a_success 11 and attracted the_ world s 12 attention, which gives Chinese people 13 a lot
8、 of imagination 14 and pride. As we know, in_most_peoples_eyes 15, Jeremy is a_ miracle 16. In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his_third_trip 17 to China, a large crowd came to meet him,among whom there were various fans including some families 18 ,some children 19 and even some women_players 20 . They
9、 brought cameras 21 to take photos 22 with their idol. Jeremy had fun 23 with his supporters and expected to come back again. 1. 专有名词表示地点,第一个字母要大写。 2. 专有名词表示人名。 3. 名词作定语,修饰另一名词。又如a book store。 4. 表示职业或职位的单数可数名词player作表语,前面用不定冠词,表示“一个”。 5. 因 the Huston Rockets和 the National Basketball Association都是由普
10、通名词构成 的专有名词; of the National Basketball Association是名词所有格,因无生命的东西 的名词所有格一般用“ of 名词”表示,又如:the cover of the book(书的封面 ) 。 6. 专有名词表示事物,这里指美国职业篮球联盟,常缩写为NBA 。 7.fans为 fan 的复数形式,可数名词的复数形式一般在后面直接加s。 8.coaches 为 coach 的复数形式,以s,x,sh,ch 结尾的可数名词,复数形式加 es。又如 boxes,dishes ,buses 等。 9. 句中 a Chinese 是名词作补语。 Chines
11、e 指中国人, 这里为单数; 但它的复数与单数同形, 类似的单词有deer ,sheep,fish ,aircraft,means,works,Japanese 等。 10. “形容词性物主代词名词”表示“某人的, ”。 11. 这里的 a success为抽象名词具体化,指“一个成功人士”。 12. 有生命的人或物的所有格,一般用“名词s”表示。又如the teachers name。 13.people为集体名词,表示复数意义。又如police ,class ,group 等。 14. 不可数名词imagination作宾语,在a lot of,some,any 等限定词后面通常接名词。
12、15. 名词 eyes 作介词 in 的宾语。 16. 在冠词 (a ,an,the) 后通常应有名词。 17. 在序数词后通常加名词。 18 families为 family的复数形式,以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词复数形式是变y 为 i 再加 es。又如 country countries 。 19.children为 child的复数形式,属于不规则变化。又如oxoxen。 20.man 或 woman两个词作定语时,其单、复数与所修饰的名词的单、复数一致。又如three men teachers 。 21. 个体名词,表示某类人或东西中的个体。又如computer 。 22.photos为
13、 photo 的复数形式,以o 结尾的词一般加s。在中学英语里,以o 结尾有 生命的名词,如hero,tomato , potato ,其复数是加es。 23. 抽象名词表示状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。 . 完成句子 ( 填入括号内词的正确形式) 1.Two months(month) ago, three heroes(hero) caught four thieves(thief).They made them plant some potatoes(potato) and bamboos(bamboo) in two zoos(zoo).They also made th
14、eir wives(wife) return the four big boxes(box) with some precious photos(photo) and brushes(brush) in them. 2.Two editors in chief(editorin chief),three men_teachers(man teacher) and five women_doctors(woman doctor),together with their children(child),went to the market.They decided to buy two sheep
15、(sheep) ,three deer(deer),four oxen(ox) ,five geese(goose)and six white mice(mouse) with three feet(foot) and six teeth(tooth). . 单句填空 ( 在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。) 1.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives (knife) out of children s reach. 2.In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in exam
16、inations(examine) because it breaks the rules of schools. 3.In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy(wealth) person without good health can be happy.So, just do our best and keep fit. 4.Upon arrival(arrive), we began to work immediately. 5.There are more visible changes in our gestures and facial
17、 expressions(express). 6.Lang Lang is a worldclass young pianist(piano) who grew up in Shenyang. . 单句改错 ( 下列每句中有一处错误,每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改, 请指 出并改正。 ) 1.I have only been there a couple of time.time times 2.When you visit London, one of the first thing you will see is Big Ben.thing things 3.Mr. Wang g
18、ave us some advices on how to remember English words.advices advice 4.I have no time to take exercise because I have a lot of homeworks to do. homeworks homework 5.This happened four and a half century ago.century centuries 6.More care would insure you against making so much mistakes.much many 7.It
19、s about an hour drive from here to my office.hourhours 8.Li Ming, a three years old boy, is very lovely.three years old three year old 9.We are having dinner at my aunt tonight.auntaunts 10.In our school, there is a new lab building with lots of teaching equipments in it.equipmentsequipment . 语篇填空 (
20、 在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号中单词的正确形式。) A high school history teacher once told us, “ If you make one close friend in school, you will be most lucky.1._ true friend is someone who stays with you for life. ” Experience shows that he was right.Good 2._ (friend) are just not easily formed. To most of us, friendsh
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