【优质文档】【被动语态强调句型】要点总结.pdf
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1、学习必备欢迎下载 一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成, be 随时态的变化 而变化。以do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为: 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词 ) 一般现在时 例: Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2)has /have been done 现在完成时 例: All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.
2、 3)am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例: A new cinema is being built here 4)was/were done 一般过去时 例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5)had been done 过去完成时 例: By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6)was/were being done 过去进行时 例: A mee
3、ting was being held when I was there. 7)shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done 一般将来 时 例: Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8)should/would be done ; was/ were going to be done; was/ were about to be done; was/ were to be to done一般将来时 例: The n
4、ews would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9)shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用) 例: The project will have been completed before July. 10)should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用) 例: He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态
5、动词be过去分词。 例: The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为 主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语. 例: His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“ 动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语 ” 结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语, 其
6、余不动。 例: Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4)在使役动词have, make, get 以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后 面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to 要省略,但为为被动结构时,要加to。 例: Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 学习必备欢迎下载 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk
7、 into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“ 动词介词 ” ,“ 动词副词 ” 等,也可以用于 被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例: The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态) 。 例: I dont like being laughed at in the public. 二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示 “ 据说 ” 或“ 相信 ” 的动
8、词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等 可以用于句型 “It be过去分词that从句 ” 或“ 主语 be过去分词 to do sth.”。 有: It is said that 据说 ,It is reported that据报道, It is believed that大家相信, It is hoped that 大家希望, It is well known that众所周知, It is thought that大家认为, It is suggested that 据建议。 例: It is said tha
9、t the boy has passed the national exam. ( The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ) 三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write , wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主 语通常是物。 例: This kind of cloth washes well. 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影 响。
10、试比较: The door wont lock (指门本身有毛病) The door wont be locked (指不会有人来锁门, 指“ 门没有锁 ” 是人的原因) 2. 表示 “ 发生、进行 ” 的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例: How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢? 3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的
11、连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例: Your reason sounds reasonable. 四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 1 在 need,want,require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含 义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例: The house needs repairing(to be repaired)这房子需要修理。 2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而 w
12、orthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例: The picture-book is well worth reading( The picture-book is very worthy to be read) 学习必备欢迎下载 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名 词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon(to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与I 是 主谓关系。 ) 试比较: I ll go to the post office. D
13、o you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动 语态作定语表明you 不是 post 动作的执行者。) 4. 在某些 “ 形容词不定式” 做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动 词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy,fit , hard,difficult ,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting 等。 例: This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out 省略了 for me).
14、 5在 too to 结构中, 不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例: This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中, 当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重 点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。 例: There is no time to lose(to be lost)(用to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,谁lost time 不明确。) 7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于
15、古英 语的影响 ,下列动词rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例: Who is to blame for starting the fire? 五、介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动 词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under + 名词 ” 结构,表示 “ 某事在进行中 ” 。常见的有: under control(受控制) , under treatment (在治疗中) , under repair (在修理中) , under discus
16、sion (在讨论中), under construction (在施工中)。 例: The building is under construction( is being constructed). 2“beyond+ 名词 ” 结构, “ 出乎 胜过 、范围、限度 ” 。常见的有: beyond belief (令人难以置信 ),beyond one s reach(鞭长莫及) , beyond one s control(无法控制) , beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。 例: The rumor is beyond belief(=cant be believed
17、) 3. “above+ 名词 ” 结构 , 表示 “(品质、行为、能力等) 超过 、高于 ” 。例: His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough 4“for+ 名词 ” 结构,表示“ 适于 、 为着 ” 。如: for sale(出售 ), for rent (出 租)等。 例: That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5“in+ 名词 ” 结构,表示 “ 在 过程中或范围内” 常见的有: in
18、print (在印刷中), in sight( 在视野范围内 ),等。 例: The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 6“on+ 名词 ” 结构 , 表示 “ 在从事 中” 。常见的有: on sale(出售 ),on show(展出) , on trial (受审)。 例: Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 学习必备欢迎下载 7“out of+ 名词 ” 结构; 表示“ 超出 之外 “ ,常见的有: out of control
19、( 控制不了 ), out of sight (超出视线之外),out of one s reach(够不着 ), out of fashion( 不流行 )等。 例: The plane was out of control (can t be controlled) 。 8“with in+名词 ” 结构, “ 在 内、不超过 ” 。 例: He took two days off within the teachers permission 六、被动语态与系表结构的区别 当“be+ 过去分词 ” 作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或 所处的状态时,be 后面的过去
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