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1、Test 1 READING READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Lets Go Bats A Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark.They hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You migh
2、t say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime
3、trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only mana
4、ged to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers. B Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way
5、 and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in ext
6、remely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. C Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark, what solutions might
7、an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of energy. Fireflies use
8、their light for attracting mates.This doesnt require a prohibitive amount of energy: a males tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself. However; using light to find ones own way around requires va
9、stly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of the scene.The light source must therefore be immensely 18 www.TopS Reading brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a signal to others.
10、In any event, whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about D What else might the engineer think of? Well, blind humans sometimes seem to h
11、ave an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name facial vision, because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near his home, usi
12、ng facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the e
13、ars. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea
14、 under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar
15、(American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes. E The Sonar and Radar pioneers didnt know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their radar achieves f
16、eats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat radar, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar and much of our scientific understand
17、ing of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them.The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term echolocation to cover both sonar and radar whether used by animals or by human instruments. 19
18、www.TopS Test! Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision t
19、o navigate by 2how early mammals avoided dying out 3why bats hunt in the dark 4how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of bats 5early military uses of echolocatio Questions 6-9 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answersin box
20、es 6-9 on your answer sheet. Facial Vision Blind people report that so-called facial vision is comparable to the sensation of touch on the face. In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a 6 . arm or leg might be felt. The ability actually comes from perceiving 7 . through
21、 the ears. However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the 8 of the seabed. This was followed by a wartime application in devices for finding 9 . 20 Reading Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TW
22、O WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 Long before the invention of radar, . had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats. 11 Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because are not used in their navigation system.
23、 12Radar and sonar are based on similar. 13The word echolocation was first used by someone working as a 21 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraph
24、s, A-H. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-Hfrom the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. List of Headings iScientists call for a revision of policy iiAn explanation for reduced water use iiiHow a global challenge was met ivIrrig
25、ation systems fall into disuse vEnvironmental effects viThe financial cost of recent technological improvements vi! The relevance to health viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations ixA surprising downward trend in demand for water xThe need to raise standards xiA description of ancien
26、t water supplies 14 Paragraph A ExampleAnswer Paragraph Biii 15Paragraph C 16Paragraph D 17Paragraph E 18Paragraph F 19Paragraph G 20Paragraph H 22Paragraph I www.TopS Reading A The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources.
27、As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome wi
28、th as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today. B During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projec
29、ts designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make pos
30、sible the growth of 40 % of the worlds food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water. C Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the worlds population still suffers, with water services infe
31、rior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related dis
32、eases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems. D The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from thei
33、r homes - often with little warning or compensation - to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation p
34、ractices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, natio
35、nal and even international tensions. underground stores of water 23 Test1 E At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority - en
36、suring some for all, instead of more for some. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally acce
37、pted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.
38、 F Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in devel
39、oped nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen. G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are r
40、ethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per pers
41、on has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons* of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accountin
42、g for inflation) - almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980. H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic hum
43、an needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecologic
44、al criteria and to a smaller budget. “ 1 gallon: 4.546 litres 24 Reading Questions 21-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, write YESif the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NOif the statement contradic
45、ts the claims of the writer NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 21Water use per person is higher in the industrial world than it was in Ancient Rome. 22Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems. 23Modern water systems im
46、itate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans. 24Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water. 25Modern technologies have led to a reduction in domestic water consumption. 26In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures. 25 Testl READING PASSAGE 3 You s
47、hould spend aboul 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. EDUCATING PSYCHE Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning. One theory dis
48、cussed in the book is that proposed by George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion. Lozanovs instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing (which he calls non-specific mental reactivity) are more durable than those
49、 made through conscious processing. Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. If we think of a book we studied months or years ago, we will find it easier to recall peripheral details - the colour, the binding, the typeface, the table at the library where we sat while studying it - than the content on which we were concentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration, we will r
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