笔记_新编简明英语语言学教程_复习资料讲解.pdf
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1、Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language . 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics . 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commun
2、ication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性(创造性) Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递 5
3、.语言能力Competence (抽象) Competence is the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance(具体) Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a di
4、achronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time . 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue (抽象) The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 1
5、0.言语 parole (具体) The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for correct behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1.language i
6、s not an isolated phenomenon, it s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者: 瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure :Langue 和 parole 的区别 美国语言学家N.Chomsky:in1950 针对Saussure s langue the description of a language as it changes through
7、 time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes
8、 writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made
9、 the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language fo
10、r serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用 Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 195
11、0 s. He defines competence as the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules. Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义 1.宽式音标Broad tra
12、nscription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produce
13、d in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstructio
14、n are called vowels. 6.辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, it s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位变体Allophones Different phones
15、 which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in e
16、very way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stre
17、ss ,intonation and tone. 12.互补分布complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are th
18、e phonic medium of language. 在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。 14.爆破音 stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d k g 二、知识点 1.stati
19、stics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 组成 Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学longest established, mostly develop
20、ed Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 4.articulatory Apparatus /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Oral cavity 口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity 鼻腔 5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any othe
21、r, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the fron
22、t of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 8. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 9.Sequential rules 例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a w
23、ord, the combination should obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 10.English has four basic types of intonation :Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone 三、问答题 1.what are th
24、e three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory- studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic ident
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