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1、实用标准文档 文案大全 My Manhattan(5th) Notes Daisyotw CH1 SC Basics 1.控制在 60s75s 2.做题步骤:理解原句,垂直阅读选项,split 排除错误,放回原文检查 CH2 Grammar 法律法规只能用must 不能用 should) (3) 选项和原文态度一致 2.词的位置:关注重点词(all,only) 和句子整体顺序 3.词的搭配:主谓一致,逻辑一致,make sense 三.避免冗余: 1. 在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable-be ab
2、le to; attempt-try; other than-opposite; drop-decrease; 实用标准文档 文案大全 sufficient-enough; including-among; have to require 及近义词 then-later; so-in order to 2.注意 being 、having ,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语 法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。(being 除了 2 种情况: 1,介词 being done;2, 进行时被动语态be being done) 3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复 过去:
3、previously; formerly; in the past; before now 现在: now; currently; presently; at present; 每年: annual; each year; a year EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么 的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth ,而不是 increased sth 四.关于简洁: 1.简洁是 GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则) 2.GMAT 语法题中,如果一个词可
4、以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语 EG: differhave difference in CH3: 主谓一致 1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语;连词 (because,although)开头的句子必须有主句 2.主谓逻辑合理 3.主谓单复数一致 GMAC 隐藏主语的方式:主谓之间插入大量词语( 介短,前置后置短语,从句,其它修饰语)。跳过以上可 忽略的词语,找到句子结构(主谓 ),决定单复数 1.and vs additive phrases (1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。 (2) 其他连接性的词(along with, in addition to, a
5、s well as, together with, including)虽然也表达 “ and ”的 意思,但是连接不同的名词,只是起修饰作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。 e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach. (3) 一些表示学科的词(physics, mathematics ) 、一些活动有氧运动(aerobics )和一些疾病糖尿病 (diabetes )虽然以 s 结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。 注:有且只有 “and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词(如2 所示)的单数主语,
6、依然 是单数主语。 2.or,either or,neither nor (1) 就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数 EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach. (2) 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有 or 、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数 3.集合性名词 一般用单数(看做一个整体,跟单数谓语) People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd (群众) orchestra (乐队) , team Ite
7、ms: baggage, citrus(橙类) , equipment (设备) , fleet (舰队 /小河) , fruit, furniture(家具) e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. 实用标准文档 文案大全 4.不确定代词 :一般用单数 Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, every
8、body,everything,whatever, whoever ,either or ;neither nor * 特殊情况,如果遇到“ SANAM ”需要根据后面的 “ OF 的介宾短语 ” 中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数* EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank. 其中, Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数,not one 永远是单数 e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidat
9、e for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend. 5.each vs every 放在复数主语之前用复数,复数主语之后用单数 EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. 6.量词 A number of +复数主语 +复数谓语( a number of 可以看成是some/many ) The number of +复数 /单数主语 + 单数谓语 half, majority, minority, pluralit
10、y (多数)既可以是单数也可以是复数根据其修饰的主语(of 后面的词) 决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时,用复数。 7.短语或者从句:用单数 (1)-ing的短语做主语,用单数 Having good friends IS a wonderful thing. (2) 从句做主语,用单数 Whatever they want to do IS fine with me. 8.倒装 :向后看 EG: near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. * 定语从句内结构最好不用倒装 OG 68 : sth
11、that be,当前面的sth 做主语的时候,that be 一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达习惯;另 外,诸如 evidence 之类的词,后面要跟that 从句。 9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候,大多是单数。(当 GMAT迷惑我们的时候,大都是单数) * 小结: CH4 平行 实用标准文档 文案大全 一.平行结构的标志词 二.平行元素 1.有时候 be, can, to会被省略掉,多个平行时同省同留 2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略,即使引导词一样 Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low
12、taxes. 引导词也可以不一样,更要保留 Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 3.引导词前面的词不可以省略,确保句子愿意完整 Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not. Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not. 此句中 “those”不能省略,否则改变句子愿意。但是“popular ”可以省略。 三.And
13、一般原则(逗号原则) :A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D 当连接两个元素是独立句子时候,会用A,and B E.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often. 分层并列 无论并列的元素有多少,同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似,词性相同!可以在一个句子 同时用不同的并列连词,表示不同的层次。 Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND
14、THAT it should therefore be shut down. 实用标准文档 文案大全 四.一些要求平行的常见习语 句子中的动词不都平行,很有可能是动词的-ing 或者 -ed 形势,表示伴随 不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行,考虑逻辑意义和层级关系! 五.系动词 两边的成分要并列:表达的是“ 主语是什么 /主语处于什么状态” 把系动词看做平行标志,使主语和宾语平行 Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love. CH5
15、 代词 代词是 GMAT 中最常见的考点,每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确,单复数是否一致。 一.先行词必须存在 注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格出现,这样的名词不能作为先行词 名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。 EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. It无指代对象,因为park 在此处是形容词,真正的主语是park rangers 。 二.先行词和代词逻辑合理 将代词换为先行词,该句子必须还是有意义,说的通
16、EG: wrong:Although the term” supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. right: Although the term “supercomputer“ may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute t
17、rillions of calculations every second. 此处 ,it 指代就有问题 ,“term”不是机器, “term”指向机器,所以要用“refer to” 三.代词和先行词单复数一致 GMAT 为了迷惑大家,会在主语和主句前面,加上从句,比如:along with /by ,要找到真正的先行词。 实用标准文档 文案大全 四.五大代词 :it,its,they,them,their在句中出现需特别注意 五.this,that,these,those 1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔,必须用作this/that/those/thes
18、e+n 的结构才能做代词使用, 而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。 EG: New” nano -papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength, 2.that 或 those 表示先行词的new copy, 避免重复。 EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children. 但 that 和 those 所指代的New copy 必须被修饰,即要说明与先行词有什么不同(spent by her children), 否则
19、不能裸奔 3.that 或 those 表明新 copy 的时候一定前后完全一致(包括单复数),否则需要重复先行词。 EG: Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错, those 与 company 单复数不一致,应将those 替换为 the companies. 4.it 和 they 或人称代词是完全指代:即指代先行词本身 *one,that,those指代另外的事物或new copy 六.代词的歧义 1.每个代词都清楚指代一个先行词 特别是每个it 和 its,they,them和 their 在一个句子中必须指
20、代一模一样的单数先行词 避免混淆:可以将其中一个代词用其他名词替代 2.一个代词前有很多先行词:易歧义,优先看主语 * 特殊情况除外,最好不要选混淆指代的选项(如果遇见除了代词其他一模一样的选项,优先考虑重复名 词的选项而不是代词表示的选项,because super-safe 3.格 (1) 代词主格可用做主语:I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who (2) 代词宾格用作宾语:me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom (3) 所有格: my, mine, your , yours, his, her , hers, its
21、, our ,ours, their(常考) , theirs, whose * 代词在句子主语的位置上,通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。 * 代词前有所有格,指代有争议。最好将所有格变为X of Y 形式 EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM. Right: The board is investigating the comp
22、ensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded. Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded. 4.which,that 只能指代物,只有who,
23、whom,those才能指代人 CH6 修饰语 一.形容词和副词 1.形容词修饰名词或者代词;副词修饰除了名词和代词外,其余词均可修饰。 2.GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构: 形容词 + 形容词 + 名词:在此结构中,两个形容词均修饰名词 副词 +形容词 + 名词:在此结构中,副词修饰形容词,形容词修饰名词 实用标准文档 文案大全 EG: Wrong:Jame s is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor . Right: James is Max s supposed Irish ancestor . supposed 修饰 ancestor ,表明 James
24、 可能是,也可能不是MAX 的 ancestor. EG: Max s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor. 此处 supposedly 一定要用副词形式,因为M 的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先,只是不知道是不是他的Irish 祖先而已,因此副词再次修饰形容词了。 * 常见的形容词 +ly 变副词的词语 : corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual. 二.名词修饰语: 修饰名词的词或词组,可以是
25、形容词、介词短语,过去分词前置,不加逗号的现在分词,从句,同位语 1.名词与其修饰语要相邻 如果修饰语与其他名词相邻(而不是应该修饰的名词),那此修饰语是Misplaced Modifier。 Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 此句修饰语 which cut through应该修饰 road 而不是 house。所以,应该把road 放到修饰语旁边。 如果想修饰的名词根本不在句子里,那此修饰语是Dangling Modifier。 要改正这个句子,我
26、们要插入合理的名词来修饰。 现在分词形式的放在句首的修饰语表动作,通常需要名词来使句子逻辑意义表达合理。 * 与名词修饰语不同,动词修饰语可以不用紧挨被修饰的主语。然而,主语必须与动词修饰语在语义上搭 配合理。 2.为避免长修饰语修饰同一个名词,把两个长的修饰语放在名词一前一后会造成awkward 或不正确。 最常见的模式就是:修饰语,修饰语,主谓宾必错 而一种常见容易弄错的情形是:修饰语,主语+定语从句,谓宾,这种是对的 另外一种:修饰语,定语从句,主语,修饰语,谓语宾语,这种也对,但少见 3.注意所有格形式,这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰的内容指的是哪一个 Wrong: Unsk
27、illed in complex math,Bills score on the exam was poor. Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam. 三.名词修饰与关系代词 名词修饰语常常被关系代词引出:which that who whose whom where when 关系代词有很多限制: 1.who 和 whom 只能修饰人 2. which 必须修饰物 3. 在 GAMT 考试中, that 不可以修饰人 4. whose 可以修饰人也可以修饰物 5. where 可以修饰地点(
28、名词) ,但不能修饰 “ 隐喻性 ” 的“ 地方 ” Eg:where 可以修饰: area,site ,country or Nevada where 不能修饰: condition ,situation ,case,circumstance ,or arrangement 只能用 in which 6.when 可以修饰事件(名词)和时间。 When 可以修饰: period, age, 1987,or decade.此时的 when 可以用 in which 代替。 其他: 1.Which 和 Whom 有时跟在介词后面:in which;for whom 2.That 和 whom 可
29、以省略当被修饰的名词是从句修饰的宾语时, Right: The movie (THAT) we watched last Fridaywas scary. 实用标准文档 文案大全 * 限定性 they do everything together. (2) 用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系,那么应该保留比如原句是因果关系, 则不用分号而用because 。 (3) 分号后经常跟一些链接副词(注意这些词不是真正的连词,不能用逗号替代分号),如 however , therefore, in addition, then. EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa
30、 are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart. Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart. (4) 分号还有个主要的用法:用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。 EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much MORE than before. Right:The rare Mo
31、ntauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much GREATER than before. 6increase 和 decrease 表达同一事物的变化;Greater 和 less 则是比较不同事物。 Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars. Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper. 同时,很重要的一点!避免意
32、思重复:increase 不能和 rise/rising/risengrowing/grwth一起用! decrease 不能和 fall/fell一起用。 Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE. Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%. Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%. 7between 形容两个物品; among 形容三个物品 CH11 简洁和平行(高阶) 实用标准文档 文案大
33、全 (一)简洁:一些具体的形式: Vadj/adv.n 1动词形式优于名词:即动词形式优于名词+be/make 形式 EG: His conception of money was a goal. 分词 ing 形式,因为可以更清晰 实用标准文档 文案大全 的表达时态的变化。 (2) 实际上有两种修饰前句的方法 独立词组:如上述形式,一般是一句结束后,一个概括性名词+that 从句 V-ing 形式: V-ing 形式跟在主句后面,有四个情况可用:a.做伴随状语; b.表结果; c.修饰其前面紧 跟的名词(在主系表结构中)d.修饰签名整句话,例如bring to 34只海鸟那道题。 Scien
34、tists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.(suggesting 修饰 de 是前面 整句话,那个发现结果) CH13 动词和比较(高阶 ) (一)助动词:be /do /have 1若出现时态变化,则句子中助动词不能单独的使用 对 I have never seen an aardvark, but my father
35、has. 错 I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did. 对 I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.此处就不能用has 替代 2助动词后省略的词一定要是原文之前出现过的 错 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are. 对 Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do. Note: 省略而成的do, are, ha
36、ve都只能代表主动时态 3情态动词 (1)Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,这些词在使用过程中不能 相互替换。 有时候情态动词会与一些具有类似含义的动词发生重复,要避免。比如在有ensure 等 强调必须、义务的句子,再用have to/must显得啰嗦。 Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken. Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken. (2)Be to 在 GMAT 中永远是错误的
37、,用will, 或者 should 替代 Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation. R ight: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation. (3)if 引导的条件句中,不能用情态动词,例如 should Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate. Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate. (二)动词的形式 1不定式:可以做名词,形容词或副词 (1) 不
38、定式的使用要符合逻辑意思: The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. 错(avoid 的主语变成building 是错的 ) The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. 对( it 指代的是 building ) (2) 不定式虽然可以做名词,但跟普通名词还是有差别,在前置短语里,最好别用不定式,而用it 代替。 且不定式也不能被形容词修饰(但动名词可以 ) 。 Awkward: TO ERR is human.
39、 Right: IT is human TO ERR. 实用标准文档 文案大全 2动名词(可作主语,宾语) (1)经验:动名词做主语比不定式做主语更为常见,但不绝对! (2)一个名词放于动名词之前,如果该名词是动名词的发起者,那么要用所有格 Mike s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques. (3)尽量避免用动名词所有格,用比如动词的名词形式要好一些,如her actionher acting 3分词(可以用来修是一个词,或者整个句子) 一个特殊的句型:Having broken the lamp, she has been w
40、orrying all night. Having 的逻辑主语是she 4根据语义,使用现在分词,不定式和其他形式 不定式一般表目的,不是出于某种目的去做某事,一般不用不定式 A plan conquering the world is in his files. 正在 是 A plan that will conquer the world is his files. 将要 是 A plan to conquer the world is in his files. 目的是 . (三) like )表示举例 such as + noun/ doing/ what从句 /介词短语 错误表达:
41、such as + there/they/these 错 ,必须是具体的东西,不能加代词 such as + to do 错such as + 句子错such as + when错。 X1, X2, X3 such as these 错, such as 要放在列举之前。 (四)数字比较 1对:3 times as old as 错: 3 times older than (怎么能拿是3 倍更老呢 ) 对: 3 years older than 错: 3 years as old as 实用标准文档 文案大全 2有时候用times, 不要 as 或 than, 表示直接修饰 The cost
42、of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago. The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance. 3more, less 很灵活,可作名词,形容词或副词 I own more than I should. 名词 I own more shirts than I should. 形容词 I sleep more than I should. 副词 但是 higher, greater , lower 等只能用作形容词 错: I spend low
43、er than I did last year. 对: My bills are lower than they were last year. 4比较双方一定要对等,且一定要清晰 (1) We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊 ,应改为: We have even more engines that are efficient than before. 或者 We have engines even more efficient than before. (2) 一些表示比较词,exceed, surpass ,前后比较
44、对象也要对等。 The incidence of the disease among men exceeds the incidence among women. (3) In addition to, 通常放在句首,表示另外的一个例子。 IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable. (同类 ) IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. (不同类事物 ) 附:习语与固定搭配Manhattan CH9 1.Ability to do (have an effect on sth) W:cause an eff
45、ect on 4.Aggravate sth(=made worse) Agree that+sth+V原 .that sb agree that+V原 5.Aid(v.) sb Aid(n.) for sb Sb s aid in doing 6.Aim at doing sth With the aim of reducing W:with the aim to do 7.Allow sb to do Be allowed to do W:allow that+sth+V原 8.Anxiety about sth Anxiety that+sth+may be 9.Appear as st
46、h(=show up as) W:sb appears as sb 实用标准文档 文案大全 Appear+adj.(=seems) Appear to have been It appears that 10.Apply to W:subjected to the applicability of 11.Ask for sth Ask sb to do Ask that+V原 12.Attribute sth to 13.Aware of sth Aware that W:with an awareness that/of 14.Pass a ban(n.) prohibiting W:pas
47、s a ban that 15.Based on 16.Because+clause Because of+n. 17.Begin as(= be born as) Begin with(=sth is the first part) Begin sth(=cause) W:be begun from 18.Believe that Believe sb to be right/wrong It s believed that Sb is believed to be W:sb is believed by sb to be right 19.Between+2 person (between
48、 A and B) Among+2 person 20.Within the borders W:borders of 21.Chance of doing 22.Claim that Claim to do 23.In comparison with/to Be compare to Compared with (ignore the difference) 24.Have confidence that 25.Conceive of.as W:conceive of.to be 26.Connection between W:connection of 27.Consider sb/sth
49、 sb/sth W:be considered W:consider sth as 实用标准文档 文案大全 28.Contend that W:contend sth to be/do 29.Continue to do W:continue sth 30.In contrast with/to+n. 31.Be convinced that 32.Costin sth Costbecause of 33.Create sth to do 34.Credit sb with sth Be credit with sth W:be credit for/as/to 35.Be in danger of doing W:be in danger to do 36.Date at.old( 强调年代久远 ) W:be dated as/to be 37.Decide to do 38.Declare sth Declare that W:declare as/to be 39.Decline in (price) 40.Demand that W:demand sth to be W:demand that sth should be 41.Depend on
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