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1、2018 考研英语(二)真题及参考答案(完整版) 来源:文都教育 Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because
2、 humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at
3、the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of th
4、e pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks th
5、an the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christophe
6、r Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct it can 12 new scientific advances, for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one. Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final
7、 experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. T
8、hinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don t read online comments. 1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve 2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret 3.A.rise B.last C.hurt D.mislead 4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat 5.A.trial B.m
9、essage C.review D.concept 6.A.remove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrupt 7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though 8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen 9.A.such as B.rather than C.regardless of D.owing to 10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget 11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schooling 12.A.begin with B.res
10、t on C.lead to D.learn from 13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence 14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive 15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist 16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict 17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend 18.A.relief B.outcome C.pl
11、an D.duty 19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether 20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategies Section IIReading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Tex
12、t 1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future. Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorizati
13、on, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain? As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to lea
14、rn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle. But he s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “ h
15、ave that stereotype.that it s for kids who can t make it academically,” he says. On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely eva
16、porated. More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so. But the headlong push into bachelor s degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything less misses an important point:That s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor s degree opens moredo
17、ors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained. In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opport
18、unity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren t equipped to do them.Koziatek s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap. Koziatek s school i
19、s a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation s diversity of gifts. 21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of. A.academic training B.practical ability C.pioneering spirit D.mechanical memorization 22.There exists the prejudice that vocati
20、onal education is for kids who. A.have a stereotyped mind B.have no career motivation C.are financially disadvantaged D.are not academically successful 23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates. A.used to have more job opportunities B.used to have big financial concerns C.are entit
21、led to more educational privileges D.are reluctant to work in manufacturing 24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all. A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs B.may narrow the gap in working-class jobs C.indicates the overvaluing of higher education D.is expected to yield a better-traine
22、d workforce 25.The author s attitude toward Koziatek s school can be described as. A.tolerant B.cautious C.supportive D.disappointed Text 2 While fossil fuels coal,oil,gas still generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable source
23、s such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world :They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line. Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is
24、about the plummetingprices of renewables, especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years. In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland,for example
25、,wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead,notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March,for the first time , wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated
26、 in the US,reported the US Energy Information Administration. President Trump has underlined fossil fuelsespecially coalas the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa ,he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa,where wind tu
27、rbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generation and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers. The question“ what happens when the wind doesn t blow or the sun doesn t shine? ” has provided a
28、 quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely. The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers,who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are st
29、ill a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. While there s a long way to go,the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing clim
30、ate change.What Washington does or doesn t do to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought. 26.The word“ plummeting”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to. A.stabilizing B.changing C.falling D.rising 27.According to Paragraph 3 ,the use of renewable en
31、ergy in America. A.is progressing notably B.is as extensive as in Europe C.faces many challenges D.has proved to be impractical 28.It can be learned that in Iowa, . A.wind is a widely used energy source B.wind energy has replaced fossil fuels C.tech giants are investing in clean energy D.there is a
32、shortage of clean energy supply 29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn t feel like a human or democratic relationship ,even if both sides benefit 31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for i
33、ts. A.digital products B.user information C.physical assets D.quality service 32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may. A.worsen political disputes B.mess up customer records C.pose a risk to Facebook users D.mislead the European commission 33.According to the author,competition law. A.sh
34、ould serve the new market powers B.may worsen the economic imbalance C.should not provide just one legal solution D.cannot keep pace with the changing market 34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because. A.they are not defined as customers B.they are not fina
35、ncially reliable C.the services are generally digital D.the services are paid for by advertisers 35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate. A.a win-win business model between digital giants B.a typical competition pattern among digital giants C.the benefits provided for digital giants customers D.th
36、e relationship between digital giants and their users Text 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “ deep work”the ability to focus without distraction. There are a number
37、 of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;de veloping a daily ritual;or taking a “ journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time an
38、d stick to it. Newport also recommends “ deepscheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“ At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for ro ughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor s appointment or important meeting”
39、 ,he writes. Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your dayin particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two grou
40、ps:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day. While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detai
41、led daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results. In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newp
42、ort suggests,“ be lazy.” “ Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body.idlenessis, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues. Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,bel
43、ieves this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient. “ What people don t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both
44、 the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay. 36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to _. A.keep to your focus time B.list your immediate tasks C.make specific daily plans D.seize every minute to work 37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that _. A.distra
45、ctions may actually increase efficiency B.daily schedules are indispensable to studying C.students are hardly motivated by monthly goals D.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected 38. According to Newport, idleness is _. A.a desirable mental state for busy people B.a major contributor to p
46、hysical health C.an effective way to save time and energy D.an essential factor in accomplishing any work 39. Pillay believes that our brains shift between being focused and unfocused _. A.can result in psychological well-being B.canbring about greater efficiency C.is aimed at better balance in work
47、 D.is driven by task urgency 40. This text is mainly about _. A.ways to relieve the tension of busy life B.approaches to getting more done in less time C.the key to eliminating distractions D.the cause of the lack of focus time Part B Directions: Read the following text and match each of the numbere
48、d items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) A. Just say it B. Be present C. Pay a unique compliment D. Name, places, things E. Find the “ me too ”s F. Skip the sma
49、ll talk G. Ask for an opinion Five ways to make conversation with anyone Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link. You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link. Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and st
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