《小学英语语法经典版.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《小学英语语法经典版.pdf(8页珍藏版)》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、小学英语语法 1、可数名词复数形式的构成规则: 一般名词 在末尾直接加s, book-books , bag-bags , cat-cats, bed-beds 以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾,加es , bus-buses, box-boxes ,brush-brushes,watch-watches 以辅音字母 +y 结尾, 变 y 为 i ,再加 es, baby-babies, library-libraries, factory-factories 以 f 或 fe 结尾, 变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 es,thiefthieves ,knife knives 以 o 结尾, 表示
2、无生命的物体时加s, 表示有生命的物体时,加es,都读 / z / 无生命 : photo-photos, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos 有生命 : potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,mango-mangoes,hero-heroes 不 规 则 变 化 : man men woman-women policeman-policemen child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth fish-fish sheep-sheep people-people a bottle of water ,a
3、 cup of coffee, two glasses of milk ,five bags of rice 2、既可用作可数,又可用作不可数的名词: 不可数 glass 玻璃 paper 纸 room 空间 可数 a glass 一只玻璃杯 a paper 一份报纸、论文、文件 a room 一个房间 3、名词所有格 在英语中, 有些名词可以加s 来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。大多数表示有生 命的东西。Tom s book 如果复数名词末尾已有s,就直接加 。 the teachers office 冠词 1、不定冠词a,an 用在 单数可数名词前面,泛指一类人或物
4、中的任何一个。 a 用于 辅音音素 开头的名词之前。 a bed,a computer ,a “U” an 用于 元音音素 开头的名词之前。 an egg,an umbrella ,an hour ,an apple, an orange, an elephant, an eye, an old man, an English book, 2、定冠词 the 用在 单数或复数可数名词前,也可用在 不可数名词 前。 表示 特指 的人或物前。 The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. 表示世界上 独一无二 的事物前。 The sun is bigger
5、than the moon. 用在 序数词 前面。 It is the first day of the new term. 用在 乐器名称 前。 He often plays the violin at weekends. 用在 形容词最高级前。 Spring is the best season in a year. 用在 由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 I went to the Great Wall last week. 用在 国家名称的缩写前。 He is from the UK. 3、零冠词 :名词前不用冠词的情况。 在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类或棋类运动前,通常不用冠词。
6、have breakfast ,play basketball, play chess, play erhu, 代词 1、人称代词: 表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。 我你他她它我们你们他们 主格I you he she it we you they 宾格me you him her it us you them 2、物主代词 :表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的 形容词性my your his her its our your their 名 词 性mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs (1)
7、 some和 any 都表示“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。 some 多用在 肯定句 中, any 多用在 否定句 和疑问句 中。 There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句) There isn t any milk in the fridge. (否定句) Do you have any hobbies? (疑问句) (3)many和 much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。 My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup. 3、疑问代
8、词: 用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,一般放在疑问句的句首。 what 问什么What s your name?My name is Tom. What colour 问颜色What colour is your coat? It s red. what day 问星期What day is it today? It s Monday. what date 问日期What date is it today? It s the first of June. what shape 问形状What shape is the moon? It s round. whatjob问工作What s you
9、r fathers job? He s a bus driver. what time 问时间What time is it? It s ten o clock. when 问时候When is your birthday? It s on the first of May. which 问哪个Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one. where 问地点Where is my pen? It s on the floor. who 问谁Who is the boy with big eyes? He s Liu Tao. whos
10、e 问谁的Whose bag is this? It s Helen s. why 问原因Why are you absent today? I m ill. how 问方式How do you go to school? By bus. how many 问数量How many books are there? There are five. how much 问价钱How much is it? Twenty yuan. how old 问年龄How old are you? I m twelve. how far 问距离How far is it from here? It s abou
11、t one kilometer. how about 问情况I m thirsty. How about you? Me, too. 4、指示代词 this(这个)、 these (这些)表示在时间上或空间上较近 的人或物。 that (那个)、 those (那些)表示在时间上或空间上较远 的人或物。 介词 1、 in 2、 在 里面 。如: in the classroom in the park in the sky in 颜色 ,穿着颜色的衣服。如: Who s the man in white? in 语言,用某种语言说。如: What s this in English? 在上午、
12、下午、晚上。如: in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening 在年、月、季节前。如: in 2008 ,in August,in summer 在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如: in China ,in Wuwei ,in the playground 固定搭配 。 如: in the middle of(在中间) ,do well in(擅长),in the day(在白天),take part in (参加), stay in bed(躺在床上) ,in the street(在街上) 2、on 在 上面 。 如: on the desk
13、用在某一天(上、下午)前。如: on the 5 th of May ,on Sunday ,on Monday morning 以 Day 结尾的节日前。如:on Children s Day,on New Years Day 固定搭配 。如: on foot(步行),on duty (值日),put on (穿上), get on (上车) turn on(打开), on the right / left(在右边 / 左边) , on the wall (在墙上 ) ,on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上) 注 意: 树上长的水果用 on the tree;不是树上长的外来物用
14、in the tree。 如: I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at 在某个 时刻 前。如: at seven o clock 在 传统节日 前。如: at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas 在 较小的地点 。如: at the bus stop 固定搭配。如: be good at (擅长) ,look at (看) ,at home(在家),at school (在学校) , at weekends (在周末) ,
15、at night(在夜晚) 4、under 在 下面如: There is a cat under the table. 5、behind 在 后面如: There is an umbrella behind the door. 6、near 靠近 如: There is a park near my house. 7、beside 在 旁边如: The students are standing beside the teacher. 8、next to 紧靠旁边如:The teachers office is next to our classroom. 9、before (时间上)在 之
16、前如: before class(上课前) 10、after (时间上)在 之后;依照 固定搭配: after class(课后),after school(放学后),look after(照看),read after me(跟我读) 11、between 在两者之间如: There are some trees between Building A and Building B. 12、by 乘某种交通工具如: by bus ,by plane ,by the way(顺便说一下) 13、from be from = come from(来自)如: Mr Smiths is/comes fr
17、om Australia. fromto (从到)We go to school from Monday to Friday. 14、t o 到、去 如:Let s go to the zoo.固定搭配: write to(给 xx 写信) 15、about 关于;大约如: I want to buy a book about animals. It s about one kilometer away. 16、for 为、给 如:Heres a letter for you. Whats for breakfast? 固定搭配: look for (寻找),wait for(等候) 17、w
18、ith与一起。如: I ll go shopping with my mother. 具有某种特征。如: Who s the boy with big eyes? help. with. 在某方面帮助某人如: Can you help me with my English? play with. 和一起玩;拿玩如: play with me, play with a yo-yo 数词 1、基数词 :表示数目多少。 1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 4
19、 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 20 twenty 100 hundred 动词 动词是表示动作或行为的词。按其词义和在句子中的作用可以分为连系动词、助动词、情态动词和行为动词。 1、be 动词( am ,is , are ) be 动词做谓语时,要与主语在人称和数上保持一致
20、。 用法口诀 : 我用 am ,你用 are ,is 用在他、她、它,复数全用are 。 如: I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a nurse. We are Chinese. be 动词的否定形式:am not( 无缩写形式 ) ,is notisn t ,are not=aren t 2、助动词 (do,does,did) do,does 用于一般现在时,does 用于第三人称单数,其他人称和数用do。其过去式did 用于一般过去时。他们 通常用在疑问句和否定句中。助动词后动词要用原形。 如: Do you like this film?
21、 Does she like playing football? I didn t go to school yesterday. 否定形式: do not = dont ,does not =doesn t ,did not=didnt 3、情态动词( can,may,must,should ,will,would ,shall等) 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,表示“可能”,“可以”,“需要”,“必须”,“应当”等 意思。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,后面的动词要用原形 。 1)can 和 may都可以用来表示请求或允许,但may比 can 更正式,更客气些。 如: Can I
22、use your pen? May I come in? 在英语中,不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态,需要用不同的动词形式来表现,这就叫时态 。 一般现在时 1、定义:表示经常发生或习惯性的动作、状态。句中通常有usually,often ,every day , sometimes ,always , at weekends ,on Sundays 等表示经常性时间的短语。 2、构成: 1)当谓语是be 动词 时,一般现在时的构成:主语 be 动词其他 如: I am a student. He is Jims father. They are from China. 2)当谓语是 行为动词
23、 时,一般现在时的构成: 主语 (非第三人称单数)动词原形其他 如: I often watch TV at the weekends. Mr Green and Mrs Green like collecting stamps. 主语 (第三人称单数)动词的第三人称单数形式其他 如: Jim usually visits his grandparents on Sundays. She sometimes goes to the park with her mother. 3、动词三单形式的变化规则: 一般情况下,直接加s 如: read-reads,swim-swims 以 s, x,sh
24、, ch,o 结尾,加es 如: wash-washes,watch-watches ,do-does 以 辅音字母 y 结尾,变y 为 i ,再加 es 如: study-studies,fly-flies 不规则变化如: have-has 4、一般现在时的句型转换: 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 They watch TV every day. They dont watch TV every day. Do they watch TV every day? Yes, they do. / No, they dont . She watches TV every day. She does
25、nt watch TV every day. Does she watch TV every day? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt . 现在进行时 1、定义:表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。句中常有now,look ,listen等词。 如: I am washing clothes now. Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree. Listen! Jane is singing in the music room. 2、构成: be 动词( am/is/are)+ 动词现在分词(V-ing ) 3、动词现在分词构成:
26、一般是在动词原形后加ing 如: read-reading,drink-drinking,eat-eating,look-looking 以不发音的e 结尾的动词, 去掉 e,再加 ing 如:write-writing, make-making, ride-riding, take-taking 以重读闭音节结尾,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,要双写这个字母,再加ing 如 : sit-sitting, swim-swimming , put-putting, run-running, stop-stopping, get-getting, begin-beginning,jog-jogging,
27、forget-forgetting 5、现在进行时的句型转换: 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 He is running now. He isn t running now. Is he running now? Yes, he is . / No, he isn t . They are making a puppet. They arent making a puppet. Are they making a puppet? Yes, they are . / No, they arent. 一般过去时 1、定义:表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:a
28、 moment ago,just now,yesterday , last week,this morning等。 如: My brother often went to school by bike last term. The watch was beside the diary a moment ago. I watched the moon and ate the moon cakes last Mid-Autumn Festival. Jim went to the supermarket yesterday. 2、构成: 主语 动词的过去式其他 3、动词过去式 的变化规则: 一般在
29、动词原形末尾加ed 如: play-played,listen-listened, look-looked 结尾是 e 的动词,加d 如: live-lived,like-liked,taste-tasted 辅音字母 y 结尾的动词,变y 为 i ,再加 ed 如: study-studied,carry-carried, cry-cried 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写这个辅音字母,再加ed 如: stop-stopped,plan-planned 不规则变化如: am/is-was are-were have/has-had do-did go-went sit-sat te
30、ll-told see-saw get-got make-made give-gave read-read buy-bought come-came draw-drew eat-ate fly-flew meet-met put-put run-ran say-said sing-sang swim-swam take-took 4、一般过去时的句型转换 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 He watchedTV yesterday. He didn t watchTV yesterday. Did he watch TV yesterday? Yes, he did . / No, he did
31、n t. They playedgames just now. They didn t playgames just now. Did they play games just now? Yes, they did . / No, they didn t. 一般将来时 1、定义:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,以及打算、计划或准备某事。句中一般含有表示将来的时间状语, 如: tomorrow morning,next week ,this afternoon等表示将来的时间状语。 2、构成: be gong to +动词原形 如: I am going to see a Beijing ope
32、ra tomorrow. We are going to meet at bus stop at half past ten. Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon. will +动词原形 如: They will go swimming this afternoon. 3、be going to 和 will 区别 : be going to 表示经过事先安排、打算或决定要做的事情,基本上一定会发生;will则表示有可能去做,但 不一定发生,也常表示说话人的临时决定。 如: I am going to take p
33、art in a party this evening. They are cleaning the library now. Ill go and join them. be going to 表示近期或眼下就要发生的事情;will表示的将来时间则较远一些。如:He is going to write a letter tomorrow. I will meet her one day. be going to还可以用来表示有迹象表明某件事将要发生,常用于天气等自然现象。如:Look! Its going to rain. 4、一般将来时句型转换: 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 She is
34、 going tohave a picnic tomorrow. She isn t going to have a picnic tomorrow. Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow? Yes, she is . / No, she isn t. They will go swimming this afternoon. They will not (wont)go swimming this afternoon. Will they go swimming this afternoon? Yes, they will. / No, they wo
35、nt . 句法 1、陈述句 说明事实或陈述说话人观点的句子。基本结构:主语谓语其他 1)肯定陈述句 We all like pandas very much. 2)否定陈述句He doesnt do housework at weekends 3)肯定陈述句 改否定陈述句 一般是在be 动词 或情态动词 后加 not 。 Mary was at school yesterday. Mary was not at school yesterday. I can make a model plane. I can not make a model plane. 不含 be 动词或情态动词的,行为动
36、词前要用助动词的否定式(dont ,doesnt ,didn t ),后面跟动词的 原形。 He likes drawing pictures.He doesnt like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. I didn t go to the park yesterday. 4)陈述句 改一般疑问句 有 be 动词或情态动词的,把be 动词或情态动词提前。 Mary was at school yesterday. Was Mary at school yesterday? I can make a model plane. Ca
37、n you make a model plane? 不含 be 动词或情态动词的句子,借助助动词开头,动词还原成原形。 He likes drawing pictures.Does he like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. Did you go to the park yesterday? 2、疑问句 用来提出问题,询问情况的句子,末尾用问号。 1)一般疑问句:一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实,通常以be 动词,助动词或情态动词开头,用yes 或 no 来回答,因此又叫是非疑问句,通常读升调。 Is Mr Green fr
38、om the UK? Yes,he is. / No,he isn t. Do you have any hobbies? Yes,I do. / No,I don t. Can you play the guitar? Yes,I can. / No,I can t. 2)特殊疑问句: 以特殊疑问词引导,要求回答具体问题,不能用yes 或 no 来回答。 How do you go to work every day? I go to work by car. 3)选择疑问句:提供两种或两种以上情况,让对方选择,往往用or 连接。 Would you like some tea or cof
39、fee? Some coffee, please. 4)反意疑问句 :反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。 It s a fine day, isnt it? Yes ,it is. 3、祈使句 表示请求或命令别人做某事或不做某事。 1)用于 第二人称 ,通常省略you。 肯定祈使句:Open the door, please. 否定祈使句: Don t be late again. 2)用于 第一人称 和第三人称 ,通常以let (let后跟宾格)或shall开头。 Let me have a look. Lets play a game now. Let him go home
40、 now. Shall we meet at one thirty in front of the Garden Theatre? 4、感叹句 表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾常用感叹号(! ) ,语气用降调。 1)what + 名词或名词性短语 What a big garden (it is)! What an interesting storybook (it is) ! What lovely weather (it is)! What pretty girls (they are)! 2)how +形容词或副词主语动词 How nice! How beautiful the flower
41、s are! How tall Yao Ming is! 5、there be 句型表示在 某地 有某人或某物。 1)主语是 单数 ,be 动词用 is(was) ;主语是 复数 ,be 动词用 are(were)。 There is some milk in the fridge. There are some peaches in the basket. 2)如果有几个不同的人或物并列存在,be 动词根据 最靠近的 那个名词而定。 There is a ruler and five knives in the pencil case. There are five knives and a ruler in the pencil case. 3)there be句型和 have/has 区别: there be句型表示 某地 有某人或某物; have/has 表示 某人 有某物。 has 用于第三人称单数,其余人称和数用have。 There are some English books on the desk. I have some English books.
链接地址:https://www.31doc.com/p-5610774.html