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1、Unit 11 Writing Your Own Essays (3): Argumentative Essays Teaching Objectives Develop understanding of useful language features for writing effective argument texts Learn how to organize an argumentative essay Understand the strategies for argumentation Some techniques to write general statement and
2、 thesis statement NB: An argumentative essay contains these five elements: ? An explanation of the issue ? A clear thesis statement ? A summary of the opposing arguments ? Rebuttals to the opposing arguments ? Your own arguments Question: Which type of organization does this essay use-block or point
3、-by-point? Answers: point-by-point. L Learn to present your argumentation in a well-organized way There are several ways to organize an argumentative essay. You can use a block pattern or a point-by-point pattern. The outli nes in the followi ng chart show these two possible patter ns. There are man
4、y variati ons on these two patter ns. Which patter n you use will depe nd on your topic. With some topics, one pattern works better than others. The important thing is to present your side and rebut the other side in a logical and organized way. Block PatternPoint-by-Point Pattern 1. Introduction1.
5、Introduction Explanation of the issue Explanation of the issue, including a summary Thesis statement of the other sides arguments Thesis statement II. Body Block 1II. Body A. Summary of other sides arguments A. Statement of the other sides first argument B. Rebuttal to the first argument and rebutta
6、l with your own counterargument C. Rebuttal to the second argument B. Statement of the other sides second D. Rebuttal to the third argument argument and rebuttal with your own Block 2coun terargume nt E? Your first argument C? Statement of the other sides third argument F. Your second argument and r
7、ebuttal with your own counterargument G. Your third argument III. Conclusion? may include a summary of your III. Conclusion-may include a summary of yourpoint of view point of view IL Understand the strategies for argumentation () 1 Use Tactful, Courteous Language In an argument essay, you are attem
8、pting to persuade readers to accept your viewpoint. It is important, therefore, not to anger them by referring to them or their opinions in rude or belittling terms. Stay away from sweeping statements like “Everybody knows that “ or “People with any intelligence agree that?Also, keep the focus on th
9、e issue you are discussing, not on the people involved in the debate. Dont write, HMy opponents say that orphanages cost less than foster care.Instead, write, “Supporters of orphanages say that orphanages cost less than foster care.“ Terms like my opponents imply that the argument is between you and
10、 anyone who disagrees with you. By contrast, a term such as supporters of orphanages suggests that those who dont agree with you are nevertheless reasonable people who are willing to consider differing opinions. Question: Think about the model essay. Does the author use this strategy? If not, could
11、you give some advice to him? 2 Point Out Common Ground Ano ther way to persuade readers to con sider your opinion is to point out comm on gro und opinions that you share. Find points on which people on all sides of the argument can agree. Perhaps you are arguing that there should be an 11 p.m. curfe
12、w for juveniles in your town. Before going into detail about your proposal, remi nd readers who oppose such a curfew that you and they share certai n goals: a safer city, a lower crime rate, and fewer gang-related tragedies. Readers will be more receptive to your idea once they have considered how y
13、ou and they think alike. Question: Think about the model essay. Does the author use this strategy? If not, could you give some advice to him? 3 Acknowledge Differing Viewpoints It is a mistake to simply ignore points of view that conflict with yours. Acknowledging other viewpoints strengthens your p
14、osition in several ways. First, it helps you spot flaws in the opposing positionas well as in your own argument. Second, and equally important, it gives the impressi on that you are a reas on able pers on, willing to look at an issue from all sides. Readers will be more likely to consider your point
15、 of view if you indicate a willingness to consider theirs. At what point in your essay should you ack no wledge opposi ng argume nts? The earlier the better ideally, in the introduction. By quickly establish!ng that you recognize the other sides position, you get your readers on board with you, read
16、y to hear what else you have to say. One effective technique is to cite the opposing viewpoint in your thesis statement. You do this by dividi ng your thesis into two parts. In the first part, you ack no wledge the other sides point of view; in the second, you state your opinion, suggesting that you
17、rs is the stronger viewpoint. ?Although some students believe that studying a foreign language is a waste of time, two years of foreign-language study should be required of all college graduates. ?While local TV newscasts can provide a valuable community resource, too often such programs provide mer
18、e entertainment at the expense of solid news. Another effective technique is to use one or two sentences (separate from the thesis) in the introducti on to acknowledge the alter native positi on. Such sente nces briefly state the “other sides“ argument. Many people argue that working can be a valuab
19、le experienee for the young. However, working more than about fifteen hours a week is harmful to adolescents because it reduces their involvement with school, encourages a materialistic and expensive lifestyle, and in creases the cha nee of havi ng problems with drugs and alcohol. A third technique
20、is to use a paragraph within the body of your essay to summarize opposing opinions in greater detail. To do this successfully, you must spend some time researching those opposing arguments. A fair, evenhanded summary of the other sides ideas will help convince readers that you have looked at the iss
21、ue from all angles before deciding where you stand. Question: Think about the model essay. Does the author use this strategy? If not, could you give some advice to him? 4 When Appropriate, Grant the Merits of Differing Viewpoints Sometimes an opposing argument contains a point whose validity you can
22、not deny. What should you do then? The str on gest strategy is to admit that the point is a good one. You will lose credibility if you argue against something that clearly makes sense. Admit the merit of one aspect of the other argument while making it clear that you still believe your argument to b
23、e str on ger overall. Suppose that you were arguing agai nst the use of computers in writing classrooms. You might say, “Granted, students who are already accustomed to computers can use them to write papers more quickly and efficiently“ admitting that the other side has a valid point. But you could
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