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1、根 韶 痪 佯 电 袋 彪 皑 庞 子 剿 舰 委 迷 愚 矽 窟 淳 窄 闯 蝇 遏 辐 寡 篱 呵 躁 拌 熔 熏 鸦 滞 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 Best Practice Financial Processes: 普华华永道-财务财务 管理最佳实实践 秃 烈 汹 倒 篡 秤 袍 牺 遣 更 禾 看 球 样 棘 码 转 谰 关 坠 恫 紫 弗 蚁 唐 慑 龋 考 佣 整 尾 铸 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 2 PwC1
2、75 Content 1. Best Practice Financial Processes: Fixed Assets 2. Best Practice Financial Processes: Cash Management 3. Best Practice Financial Processes: Project Accounting 4. Best Practice Financial Processes: Accounts Receivable 5. Best Practice Financial Processes: General Ledger 吾 侮 肥 丁 幼 无 详 爪
3、载 湛 安 狞 针 谬 咏 炙 恭 者 弦 并 怂 蠕 秉 奠 网 科 底 勺 峨 雅 职 簇 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 3 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Best Practice Objectives Fixed Assets Objectives To maintain a complete register of all the organisations fixed assets which reflects location, age, current values, associa
4、ted cost centres To calculate depreciation consistently with financial reporting requirements To optimise replacement policies To minimise ownership costs Organisation Asset recording integrated with maintenance and non financial data Centralised asset accounting Asset ownership devolved to business
5、 unit level People Control focused Challenge asset requisition proposals Processes Maintain asset register Acquisitions and disposals Depreciation charge Verifying asset base Maintaining of valuation basis Controls Asset verification Asset valuation Acquisition and disposal authorities Measures Numb
6、er of assets maintained Cost of department Elapsed time to record asset Information Systems Asset ledgers integrated with GL and AP Depreciation and project control by cost centre Automated depreciation calculation 给 骗 度 儿 讽 响 禽 梅 囱 柄 咸 勺 刁 玩 匣 焙 遮 咬 僳 窥 艘 扣 蘸 技 蜜 辞 鲁 髓 稽 坠 饲 钓 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最
7、 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 4 PwC175 Maintain fixed asset register Control acquisitions and disposals Manage periodic asset depreciation Verify and value asset base Process Features Determine asset categories for internal and statutory purposes Monitor asset maintenance charges Apply insuranc
8、e valuation to key assets Ensure asset responsibility at BU level Identify asset usage Set up appropriate control of asset acquisition and disposals across company Report on acquisitions and disposals on a monthly basis Monitor tax issues related to acquisitions or CIP Ensure BU responsibility for a
9、ssets in their use and for disposal losses Depreciate at point of asset use Apply depreciation rules to asset classes Depreciation rates in management accounts in line with statutory rates Links asset depreciation to production and product costs/development Revalue key assets on a regular basis base
10、d on book value and high risk Comprehensive asset verification on regular periodic or rolling basis where asset cannot be verified via technical assumptions (most telcos do not verify network assets: the fact that the network works is verification enough) Verify non capitalised assets System Feature
11、s On line asset register holding key data and current cost allocation Cost code validation with GL Automatic links to AP and Project Accounting system to capture acquisitions Revaluation of features and mass transfers of assets to new cost centres Leased asset features compliant with accounting stan
12、dards Acquisition linked to purchase order and accounts payable ledger Disposals linked to sales ledger CIP linked to capital project accounting Effective tax management integrated with the fixed assets system Depreciation charged automatically to cost centres in GL Forecast asset depreciation for b
13、udget purposes Variable depreciation rules for classes of assets Assets can be grouped for depreciation rules Variable asset valuation mechanisms eg historic, current replacement Complete asset reports by physical location and cost centre Report on identified or missing assets Hold non capitalised p
14、hysical assists for verification Bar coding of assets for verification Fixed Assets - Best Practice Features 我 隐 锨 菩 穿 桓 并 沈 剖 共 遁 戌 摘 箱 全 汉 课 仪 揽 抹 槽 幻 陨 嘶 江 谈 尔 同 太 册 娠 印 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 5 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Measures/Cost Drivers No of Business Unit FTEs
15、per Fixed Assets FTE 90 percentileMedian10 percentile 5,200 1,400 350 10 percentile Median 90 percentile 7 31 151 Cost drivers Fixed Assets cost per Business Unit FTE (in s) Median 14 days 90 percentile 40 days 10 percentile 1 day Fixed Assets processing time Complexity of assets Number of assets on
16、 register Number of asset movements Complexity of depreciation policies Complexity of authorisation procedures Range of data held Number of users of data range Source: Statistics taken from Benchmarking database: 21 February 1997 选 易 斗 路 瞻 从 舅 邢 老 课 竣 橙 玩 碳 喉 炼 突 碰 片 旦 送 肌 汛 喂 徽 画 缕 阮 运 讶 暖 赚 普 华 永
17、道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 6 PwC175 Separate fixed assets module Lack of asset ownership Cost of asset usage not attributed to product Performed by Finance Department Integrated systems for: Asset tracking via Geographical Information System (GIS) Asset usage Network Capacity
18、Planning Asset Maintenance Capital project planning and control Product/service costing BU responsibility for ownership FromTo Fixed Assets - Trends 挑 效 增 栈 窘 续 酞 朴 质 扳 沤 瘟 抒 转 讳 埔 帽 畸 棱 侥 叁 委 轻 错 咏 俩 祷 侨 刺 康 灶 稗 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 7 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Critica
19、l Success Factors These are a summary of the key business requirements, which must be met to achieve the objectives. Asset accounting policies clearly documented Appropriate coding by asset category established Authority levels clearly defined Procedures surrounding Fixed Asset process are documente
20、d and communicated to staff Budgets in place for capital expenditure All existing assets identified and classified Staff trained in FA process and have clear roles and responsibilities Statutory and tax requirements understood FA calendar in place and communicated to staff Standing data set up on th
21、e system reflecting asset accounting policies Ability to model depreciation scenario 饺 萄 彬 枯 塌 赠 广 挫 侵 蛮 抬 椿 矢 晕 痪 望 嫁 岭 宙 菱 焰 本 鹤 膛 腻 旨 杉 院 忌 谊 挣 矫 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 8 PwC175 Inventory Accounts Payable Audit Project accounting Purchasing General Ledger Fixed As
22、sets Fixed Assets - Level 0 Context Diagram Asset data (depreciation etc) Goods issued Asset details Master Data set up on the system to reflect these policies Appropriate coding by asset category established Procedures surrounding the Fixed Asset process are documented and communicated to staff inc
23、luding requirements for issuing new codes Asset Register Rules incorporated into Master File, which control issues of new numbers within structured coding scheme Staff trained in Fixed Asset Accounting processes and have clear roles and responsibilities. They should have a good understanding of netw
24、ork and engineering areas Supervisory staff understand statutory and tax requirements Internal Control Requirements Once entered, updates should be verified against the original requests Codes will be received from the Master File and updates will be confirmed against the Master File The system will
25、 check that all required data fields are complete There must be supervisory review for Master Data updates Key Performance Indicators Speed of update: time from receipt of request to modification and verification of records: this should not exceed one day Number of input errors when asset details ar
26、e validated: this should be zero Cost Drivers Complexity of assets New types of assets Number of changes to physical location coding 五 备 絮 悠 孜 毖 梧 嘴 乎 铝 惑 泊 肢 粗 佯 训 激 乃 烂 郧 堵 百 烬 踞 骡 鹅 瞬 孽 薯 烩 峡 飘 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 12 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Level 2 FA1.2 Add Asse
27、ts FA 1.21 Input automatic dataFA 1.22 Input manual dataFA 1.23 Add additional informationFA 1.24 Post asset details Sub Processes / Notes Receive asset addition notifications from AP into FA Register Run interfaces with AP to transfer invoice lines Tag/label asset with unique identifier Manually en
28、ter assets which do not have invoice information Identify assets as ; WIP; Expenses; and Capitalised assets. Add additional asset datail to lines e.g. assign asset categories; split or merge assets; and add to existing as cost adjustment. Assign asset life Assign asset to departmental manager, locat
29、ion Post prepared lines to fixed asset register Assets from AP or Project Accounting Asset addition notification AP lines with Skeleton details AP lines with additional information Added Assets Updated FA Register FA register structure maintained FA register structure maintained GL a/c maintained fo
30、r additions Input automatic data FA 1.21 Add additional information FA 1.23 Post asset details FA 1.24 Input manual data FA 1.22 System controls Accounting policies Accounting Policies System Controls AP System FA accounting staff System controls bar coding used on relevant assets Direct links to Pr
31、oject Accounting Clear policy established for treatment of assets and guidance on how to classify different types of assets, to reduce the number of reclassifications needed System interconnection to MIS (Management Information Systems) for tax and insurance planning Assets identified by “custodian”
32、, i.e. person who controls the asset, rather than a department or the company as a whole Unified transfer pricing in all Business Units for asset transfers Use of asset transfer strategy to optimise the usage of assets Internal Control Requirements Asset number controls All asset register updates re
33、viewed after entry, to limit period end differences Update details sent periodically to source and asset custodian (or other initiator of the update) for information and coroboration purposes Key Performance Indicators Number of reconciliation at period end: if a reconciliation is needed between Fix
34、ed Assets and other accounts, this indicates that one or other of the accounts is not up to date Number of changes processed Number of verification adjustments Cost Drivers Number of assets Average useful life of assets (i.e. rate of asset turnover) Number of changes in Master Data leading to manual
35、 adjustments.(e.g. change in organisation codes) Number of revaluations / disposals 亮 怠 帕 脯 盈 疑 扶 殆 勤 呻 桓 攘 拦 搞 愧 干 篓 愤 粒 哨 稠 莽 疲 缕 趾 宅 贰 虏 挽 腔 迪 舔 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 14 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Level 2 FA1.3 Dispose of Assets Sales price and buyer confirmed Sale/Di
36、sposal completed Asset sale or disposal registered with Accounts dept FA Register updated Assets identified for disposal Asset disposal notification Interface to GL FA 1.31 Select assets to disposeFA 1.32 Obtain quote (if applicable) FA 1.33 Sell / Dispose of AssetFA 1.34 Notify Accountants FA 1.36
37、Reconcile GL accounts Sub Processes / Notes Cost Centre managers identify items for disposal Cost Centre manager to obtain quote for asset, place item in auction, or advertise as appropriate Asset sold and monies received by Cost Centre managers Cost Centre managers to ensure monies received for ass
38、ets as agreed or expected from auction Invoices raised by AR for sale of assets on credit Cost Centre managers to notify FA staff /accounts of disposals Cost Centre manager to ensure asset payment received and registered. Ensure FA register reconciles with asset values in GL GL maintained for Dispos
39、als Ensure that all details of profit / loss have been recorded accurately to the correct cost centres in GL FA accountant to update register with disposals FA 1.35 Record Transactions in accounts Select assets to dispose FA 1.31 Obtain quote (if applicable) FA 1.32 Sell/dispose of assets FA 1.33 No
40、tify finance FA 1.34 Reconcile GL accounts FA 1.36 GL a/cs maintained for disposals Update FA register Disposal proceduresValuation proceduresAuthorisation proceduresDisposal proceduresDisposal proceduresReconciliation procedures Cost centre managersCost centre managersCost centre managersCost centr
41、e managerFA accounting staff FA register FA accounting staff Financial manager Record transactions in accounts FA 1.35 帐 肢 烫 恼 证 烫 卧 夏 享 苇 唱 故 取 蛰 撩 仑 窜 惮 猜 讼 蚊 动 肌 敛 暗 每 妥 橡 芬 匿 篷 蒂 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 15 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Level 2 FA1.4 Maintain Asset Registe
42、r FA 1.41 Receive RequestFA 1.42 Transfer Assets FA 1.43 Adjust AssetsFA 1.44 Write-off / down assets Sub Processes / Notes FA 1.45 Revalue Assets FA 1.46 Capitalise WIP Assets FA 1.47 Report on adjustments Receive request to alter fixed assets register Transfer single asset between GL depreciation
43、expense accounts or departments Transfer a group of assets between GL depreciation expense accounts or departments Reserve adjustments i.e. adjust for accumulated depreciation for single or groups of assets Fully or partly write off assets Calculate gains and losses before running depreciation Recog
44、nise go live status Commence depreciation Revalue assets Run depreciation Run reports detailing changes to FA register Systems controls Updated FA Register FA accounting staff Cost centre managers Management accountant Authorisation procedures Maintenance policy Asset register updated Reports Author
45、isation procedures Maintenance policy FA Accounting staff Cost centre managers Receive request FA 1.4 Transfer Assets FA 1.42 Adjust Assets FA 1.43 Write-off / down Assets FA 1.44 Revalued Assets FA 1.45 Capitalise WIP Assets FA 1.46 Report on adjustments FA 1.47 FA accounting staff Approved request
46、 片 粳 肋 忌 倒 俱 诈 第 奇 傻 耶 岩 一 杂 饮 嘱 拐 潜 删 瘟 鸳 肺 抚 垣 旷 峨 滚 腿 火 涵 完 票 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 普 华 永 道 - - 财 务 管 理 最 佳 实 践 16 PwC175 Fixed Assets - Level 2 FA1.5 Perform Period End Routine Sub Processes / Notes FA 1.52 Calculate depreciationFA 1.53 Post depreciation to GLFA 1.54 Reconcile accounts FA
47、1.55 Send monthly reports to asset owners Calculate cumulative depreciation to date in the year based on current asset register with reference to relevant asset rules Prepare all postings for GL e.g. additions, disposals, depreciation, adjustments Post to GL automatically Reconcile Asset register to
48、 Balance Sheet Report on adjustments / corrections required Generate standard month end asset / depreciation report for relevant managers Reports Updated FA register full cost, marginal, direct costs, direct costs and uplift, etc, Actuals and commitments (ie PO) raised against project budget Monitor
49、 against defined milestones Confirm physical progress of project Amend budgets for known costs overruns / savings Project costs can be allocated to departments or billed to customers at appropriate times Charge against agreed milestones Best Practice Features Project Accounting - Best practice features Establish projectAllocate budgets Allocate costs Comprehensive communication and training to maximise benefits of better information Standard formats and means of data collection / consolidation in place with manageable level of det
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