高二英语Inventions人教版知识精讲.doc.doc
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1、高二英语Inventions人教版【同步教育信息】一. 本周教学内容 Inventions二. 教学重难点 重点词组的用法三. 具体内容Four Great Inventions in Ancient ChinaPaperChina was the first nation to invent paper. Before its invention, words were written on various natural materials by ancient peoples-on grass stalks by the Egyptians, on earthen plates by t
2、he Mesopotamians, on tree leaves by the Indians, on sheepskin by the Europeans and strangest of all, even inscribed on bamboo or wooden strips, tortoise shells or shoulder blades of an ox by the early Chinese. Later, inspired by the process of silk reeling, the people in ancient China succeeded in f
3、irst making a kind of paper called “bo” out of silk. But its production was very expensive due to the scarcity of materials. In the early days of the 2nd century, a court official named Cai Lun produced a new kind of paper from bark, rags, wheat stalks and other materials. It was relatively cheap, l
4、ight, thin, durable and more suitable for brush writing. At the beginning of the 3rd century, the paper making process first spread to Korea and then to Japan. It reached the Arab world in the Tang Dynasty, and Europe in the 12th century. In the16th century, it went to America by way of Europe and t
5、hen gradually spread all over the world.Before paper was invented, Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, had to go over 120 kilos of official documents written on bamboo or wooden strips.Printing Before the invention of printing, dissemination of knowledge depended either on word of mo
6、uth or handwritten copies of manuscripts. Both took time and were liable to error. Beginning 2000 years ago in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.25 A.D.), stone-tablet rubbing was in vogue for spreading Confucian classics or Buddhist sutras. This led in the Sui Dynasty (581618) to the practice of eng
7、raving writing or pictures on a wooden board, smearing it with ink and then printing on pieces of paper page-by-page. This became known as block printing. The first book with a verifiable date of printing appeared in China in the year 868, or nearly 600 years before that happened in Europe. In the T
8、ang Dynasty (618907), this technology was gradually introduced to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines. Yet block printing had its drawbacks. All the boards became useless after the printing was done and a single mistake in carving could ruin a whole block. In 10411048 of the Song Dynasty (9601279
9、), a man named Bi Sheng carved individual characters on identical pieces of fine clay which he hardened by a slow baking process, resulting in pieces of movable type. When the printing was finished, the pieces of type were put away for future use. This technology then spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam
10、 and Europe. Later, German Johann Gutenberg invented movable type made of metal in 14401448.GunpowderCredit for the invention of gunpowder also goes to ancient China. Ancient necromancers discovered in their practice of alchemy, that an explosion could be induced if certain kinds of ores and fuel we
11、re mixed in the right proportions and heated, thus leading to the invention of gunpowder. In the Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques, edited in 1044 by Zeng Gongliang, three formulas for making gunpowder were recorded; an explosive mixture of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal. Dr. Need
12、ham identified these as the earliest formulas of such a kind. The method of powder-making was introduced to the Arab world in the 12th century and to Europe in the 14th. Gunpowder was originally used for making fireworks and its later adaptation revolutionized warfare across the world.Compass The co
13、mpass, an indispensable navigational tool, was another significant gift from ancient China. While mining ores and melting copper and iron, people chanced upon a natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north. After constant improvement the round compass came into being. Dr. Needham
14、cites one of the first books to describe the magnetic compass, Dream Pool Essays(1086) by Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty, about 100 years earlier than its first record in Europe by Alexander Neekam in 1190. The compass was introduced to the Arab world and Europe during the Northern Song Dynasty (96011
15、27). Before its invention, navigators had to depend on the positions of the sun, the moon and the polestar for their bearings. The spread of the compass to Europe opened the oceans of the world to travel and led to the discovery of the New World. Thus, it was no wonder that Francis Bacon, the Englis
16、h philosopher, pointed out in his work The New Instruments, that the invention of printing, gunpowder and the compass reshaped the world. In his words, they outstripped any empire, any religious belief and any heavenly body in exerting an impact on all humanity.Language Points1. invent vt. (1)发明,创造C
17、hinas first automatic four-colour glass printer was invented by a worker-technician.(2)编造;虚构She invented false news.He invented an excuse for his absence.n.U 发明(才能);创造(力)Necessity is the mother of invention.The invention of gunpowder first originated in China.C 发明,创造品Its a most useful invention.Ther
18、e were many inventions in ancient China.Newspapers are full of inventions.2. throwthrow oneself into 积极从事throw away 扔掉throw about 乱丢;乱扔throw up 呕吐throw at 朝扔throwto 把传给3. cast cast a net 撒网cast a vote 投票cast anchor 抛锚4. havehave sb. do sth. 让某人干某事have sb./ sth. doing sth. 使某人/ 某事在做某事have sth. to do
19、有要干的某件事have sth. done 让别人做了某事 (1)叫别人干某事,强调主语意志,主语使别人干某事I have had the stove lighted.(2)以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,如遭到什么意外。He had his wallet stolen.King Charles I had his head cut off.(3)完成或解决某事We have your medicine prepared now.(4)否定式,表示“不允许”I wont have anything said against my daughter.5. patenta patent rig
20、ht 专利权the patent medicine 专卖药品letters patent 专利证patent office 专利局get a patent for 得到专利6. come up with(1)赶上We shall have to work hard to come up with them.(2)提出;提供I hope you can come up with a better plan this e up to 达到;符合come up against 遭到7. valuen. (1)U 价值His ideas havent much value.Her invention
21、will be of value to the world.(2)C 财产;贵重物品;准则;价值观All his values were stolen.Moral values have changed a lot in the last 50 years.v. 重视You should value the advice of your teacher. Wed better value our friendship between us.valued adj. 受重视的 a valued friend8. a matter of 关于的问题a matter of life and death
22、as a matter of factfor that matter 就此而言9. in society 在社会上in factin all in dangerin orderin casein prisonin despairin troublein publicin turnin charge ofin pain10. knowledge(1)知识knowledge and learning 知识和学问(2)知道;了解 He has no knowledge of life in the small village.She has a good knowledge of London.br
23、ing to ones knowledge 让某人知道come to ones knowledge 传到某人的耳朵里to ones knowledge 据某人所知without sbs knowledge 在某人不知道的情况下11. allow for 顾及;考虑到;体谅; 把某事算在内We must allow for your youth.He allowed for her great age and was very patient.We must allow for his inexperience.It takes about two hours to get to their o
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