1、CEN/TR18169April2025TECHNICALREPORTRAPPORTTECHNIQUETechnischerreportICS75.160.20EnglishVersionPetroleumandrelatedproducts-Alternativefuelsandfuelblendingcomponentsassessmentguide-InformationtoproducersandblendersofautomotivefuelsProduitspetroliers-GuidedevaluationdesCarburantsMineralolerzeugnisse-Le
2、itfadenzurBewertungvonalternatifsetdesComposantsdesmelangesdealternativenKraftstoffenundvonKomponentenfurcarburants-InformationsdestineesauxproducteursetKraftstoffmischungen-InformationenfiirHerstellerauxmelangeursdecarburantsautomobilesundMischungsherstellervonKraftstoffenThisTechnicalReportwasappr
3、ovedbyCENon14April2025.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC19.CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Polan
4、d,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkiyeandUnitedKingdom.EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITEEUROPEENDENORMALISATIONEuropaischeskomiteefurnormungCEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040BrusselsRef.No.CEN/TR18169:2025E2025CE
5、NAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCENnationalMembers.ContentsPageEuropeanforeword31 Scope42 Normativereferences43 Termsanddefinitions44 General44.1 Purpose44.2 Background54.2.1 Europeanfuelspecifications54.2.2 Workmanship54.2.3 Availableguidance54.3 Considerationsonth
6、eparameters65 Whattoconsiderregardingsuitabilityofuse65.1 Compatibility65.2 Handling65.3 Storageanddistribution76 Fitnessforpurpose7Bibliography8EuropeanforewordThisdocument(CEN/TR18169:2025)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC19aGaseousandliquidfuels,lubricantsandrelatedproductsofpetroleum,syn
7、theticandbiologicalorigin”,thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyNEN.Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Anyfeedbackandquestionsonthisdocumentshouldbedirectedtotheusersnationalstand
8、ardsbody.AcompletelistingofthesebodiescanbefoundontheCENwebsite.1 ScopeThisdocumentpresentsinformationtoproducersandblendersofautomotivefuels.Itallowstheusertoassessnewproductsorblendsandtheirproductionprocessestodeterminewhatinformationishelpfultoconsider: theapplicablefuelspecificationstandard(三);
9、 the/workmanshipclause1citedbyCENfuelspecifications; theimpactonvehicleemissionssystems,materialcompatibilityandvehicleoperability; thecorrectfunctioningoftheintendedproduct(fitnessforpurpose).Thisdocumentisacollectionofinformation.Itservesasguidanceandcannotbeconsideredasaproductapprovalpaperinanyw
10、ay.2 NormativereferencesThefollowingdocuments,inwholeorinpart,arenormativelyreferencedinthisdocumentandareindispensableforitsapplication.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.ISO1998-2lPetroleumindust
11、ryTerminologyPart2:Propertiesandtests3 TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO1998-2andthefollowingapply.ISOandIECmaintainterminologydatabasesforuseinstandardizationatthefollowingaddresses:ISOOnlinebrowsingplatform:availableathttps:WWW.iso.org/obpIECElectrope
12、dia:availableathttps:WWW.electropedia.org/3.1additivecompoundformulatedtoenhancethequalityandefficiencyoffuelsandaddedinverysmalltreatrates3.2blendingcomponentcompoundtobemixedwithaconventionalfuel4 General4.1 PurposeThepurposeofthisdocumentistogivegeneralguidanceonevaluationofnewmaterialsforblendsi
13、norreplacementsforfuelsforsparkignitionengines,suchasEN22818lorforcompressedinjectionengines,suchasEN59020,CENdoesnotcertify,approve,reject,orendorsespecificfuels.RatherlitsTechnicalCommittee19developsfuelspecificationsandtestmethodsforfuels.Itsstandardsprovideminimumrequirementsforpropertiesoffuels
14、coveredbythesedocumentsincommerceandaddresstheconcernsofstakeholders,includingthatfuelsperformappropriatelyinthespecifiedapplication.Thisguidanceisnotall-encompassingandcannotreplacethejudgmentandprocessofatechnicalcommitteechargedwithevaluatinganewfuelorblendingcomponent.However,itgivesguidancetopr
15、oponentsorfuelmanufacturerswhoareconsideringproposingtheinclusionoftheirnewfuelorblendingcomponentinEuropeanStandards.4.2 Background4.2.1 EuropeanfuelspecificationsHistorically,automotivefuelhasbeenhydrocarbonmoleculesrefinedfrompetroleum.Asaresult,EN228,EN58920andEN590,haveevolvedtodefineperformanc
16、erequirements(andteststodetermineifthoserequirementsweremet)forcompressionignition(CI)andsparkignition(Sl)enginefuelscomposedofconventionalhydro-carbonoilsrefinedfrompetroleum.Becausethesespecificationsevolvedtodescribepetroleum-derivedfuels,someofthepropertiesnecessaryforuseinacompressionandsparkig
17、nitionengineshavehistoricallynotbeenaddressedinEN228,EN589orEN590.Thesespecifications,however,donotrequirethatfuelsbederivedfrompetroleum.Theyprovideapathtoincludeotherfuelsandblendingcomponentsappropriateforinclusionintherespectivefuelspecification.Limitsforaddingsomebio-componentsthespecifications
18、e.g.ethanolandotheroxygenatesinEN228,FAMEinEN590)donotapplytoother(non-petroleumderived)hydrocarbons,suchassynthetichydrocarbons,otherrenewableandrecycledcarbonhydrocarbons,sincethesecomponentsareallowedinanyproportionsprovidedthatthefinalfuelcomplieswiththerequirementsoftheappropriateEuropeanStand
19、ard.Theco-processingofrenewablefeedstockatrefineriesisalsoallowedprovidedthatthefinalfuelmeetstherequirementsoftheappropriateEuropeanStandard.4.2.2 WorkmanshipThefinalfuelspecificationsbyCEN/TC19usuallyincludetheso-calledworkmanshipclause.Thatreadsthattheproduct,rshallbefreefromanyadulterantorcontam
20、inantthatmayrenderthefuelunacceptableforuse”(wheretheuseorpurposeisdefinedbytheproductspecification).Thisrequirementhasinthepastbeenintroducedtocovercasesofmalfunctioningproductduetothesupplieronlycheckingagainstthespecificationtablewithouttakingintoaccountduediligence,forexamplearoundtheuseofadditi
21、vesorassuringarobustdeliverychain.Thoughtheworkmanshipclausedidnotoriginatebecauseofnew(bio)fuelscomingonthemarket,itisanindicatortowardsproducersthatnotallchemicalsonthemarketthat,whenblendedintopetrolor(paraffinic)dieselwithoutbreachinganyofthelimitsinthespecificationtables,canbeplacedonthemarket.
22、Thisdocumentisrecommendedtobestudiedwellbeforeanewproductorblendisbroughtonthemarket.4.2.3 AvailableguidanceIn2023,theEnergyInstituteintheUKproducedadocumentwithfactorsforconsiderationandassessment5thatprovidesaperfectstartingpointforevaluationofnewmaterials.Inadditiontothatdocumentandinformationava
23、ilablefromindustryassociations,thereareotherpublicationsaddressingtheevaluationofnewmaterials.ASTMfuelspecificationstandards1,2usuallycontaininformationonthesignificanceofeachoftherequiredpropertiesforthefuel.SimilarinformationhasbeendevelopedinTechnicalReportsunderCEN/TC193,4,16,atthetimespecificat
24、ionsfornewproductshadbeendeveloped.MoreinformationrelatedtospecificfailuremodeshasbeenpublishedbyCEN.Thisguidancecanapplytothenewproductandhelpproducers.Forexample,CEN/TR1688411containsagoodexplanationofthedieselcharacteristicsandtheuseofcoldflowadditives,CEN/TR1668012theinteractionofadditivesandCEN
25、/TR1754813detailsthemarketissuesexperiencedduetoabrasiveparticlesindieselfuel.4.3 ConsiderationsontheparametersNewcompoundscanrequireadditional,newstandardspecificationswheretheyaresignificantlydifferentthancurrentSIandCIenginefuelsandrequiredifferentparameterstobecontrolledordifferenttestmethodstop
26、roperlymeasurerequiredparameters.Becausethecompositionandpropertiesofnewfuelscanvary,thepathtoaspecificationforanewfuelcanvary.Somecurrentalternativefuelsaresimilartotraditionalpetroleum-refinedfuelwhileothersarechemicallyandphysicallydifferent.Threeareasforconsiderationwhenreviewingnewfuelsalignmen
27、twithexistingstandardsordevelopingnewstandardsare:testmethods,chemicalandphysicallimitationsoffuelsinexistingspecifications,andchemicalandphysicallimitationsappropriatefornewfuels.Thetestmethodsthathavebeendevelopedforexistingenginefuelsareorarenotappropriateforanewfuel.Guidanceonmaterialsusedtodeve
28、lopatestmethod,anditsapplicability,cangenerallybefoundinatestmethod,sscopeandprecisionstatements.Thetestmethodcanalsoworkforothermaterials.Assessmentoftheapplicabilityofthetestmethodtomaterialsoutsideitsscope(productrange)canbenecessarywhenassessinganewfuel(component).Thisassessmentistodeterminewhet
29、heratestmethodisapplicableforspecificationpurposes,evenifthematerialisnotinthetestmethod,sscope.Chemicalandphysicallimitssetinexistingstandardsareorarenotappropriatetothenewfuelorcomponents.Thesealongwithotherconsiderationscanindicatetheneedforseparatenewspecifications.Althougheachcasewillrequirease
30、parateevaluation,logicsuggeststhatthefewerchemicalandphysicaldifferencestherearebetweenthenewfuelandtraditionalpetroleum-basedfuels,thefewerdifferencesintestmethodsandchemicalorphysicallimitswillbeneeded.5 Whattoconsiderregardingsuitabilityofuse5.1 CompatibilityVehiclesandfuelsneedtobecompatible.The
31、needforadditionaltestingofe.g.agingbehaviour,oxidationandstoragestability,materialdurabilityisexplainedintheEIpublication5.Issuesaroundusingnon-compatiblechemicalsinthefuelchainhavebeenassessedinatechnicalreportbyCENonaniline8.Arecommendedsetofcompatibilitytests,inadditiontotheEIpublication,isgiveni
32、nTable1.Thesetopicsarenotenlistedincurrentfuelsspecificationsbutareforassessingtheeffectsthenewproductcanhave.Theapplicationoftime-consumingtestmethodsforproductassessmentbeyondthefuelspecificationstandardsisfeasible,becausethereismoretestingandreporttimeavailablecomparedtoroutineworkinarefineryorpr
33、oductionreleasesituation.Table1RecommendedmaterialcompatibilitytestsPropertyReasonTestexampleSteelcorrosionbehaviourImpactontubingandcasingusedintransportandvehiclesAcceleratedtestinbothfreshandsaltwater,basedon17ElastomercompatibilityImpactonlifeexpectanceofelastomerusedinvehiclesElongationatbreakt
34、est14,155.2HandlingProperattentiontodetailduringalloperatingactivitiesfromproductmanufacturingtofinaldeliveryisessentialtoguaranteeproductquality.Fornewproducersandsuppliers,operatingproceduresneedtobeinplacecoveringforinstancereceipt,productmovement,delivery,sampling,inspection,testing,andtankdrain
35、ing.Fuelblendingcomponentsandadditivesarestoredandhandledatrefineries,terminalsandblendingfacilities.ReferencecanbemadetotherelevantCEN/TRpublicationsongoodhousekeeping6,7aswellastheEIpublication5.5.3 StorageanddistributionIntroductionofnewblendcomponentscanbenefitfromalimiteddistribution(andstorage
36、)trialisconductedasavalidationstep.Especiallycorrosion,coldstoragecapabilityaswellaslong-termstoragebehaviouristobeconsideredforproductsthatcontaincomponentsthathaveaserious(deteriorating)effect.Suchcomponentcanoriginfromtheproductionprocess.Detailtocheckhowthenewproductactsduringstorageanddistribut
37、ion,isfoundintheEIpublication56 FitnessforpurposeNewfuelblendcomponents,refineryprocessadditives,andfinishedfueladditivesaresubjecttoafullevaluationtoensurefitnessforpurpose.Thefactthatthereisnospecificationyetpublishedforacertaincomponentdoesnotmeanthatblendingthatcomponentisrecommendedorwillmeetth
38、eso-calledworkmanship/fitforpurposeclausesinthefinishedfuelsstandards(see422)ifblended.Theuserisrecommendedtoconsiderthebasicrequirementslaiddowninthefinishedfuelstandards:Forsparkignitionenginefuels,EN228orEN1786726orEN1529322forpetrolandEN589forLPGandrelatedliquifiedgasses;Forcompressionignitionen
39、ginefuels,EN590orEN1673425orEN1670924orEN1421421fordieselanddistillatefuels,andEN1594023forparaffinicdieselfuels.DetailsontheblendingofoxygenatesintopetroltomeettheEN228requirementsarelaiddowninCEN/TR164359.Ontheotherhand,EUDirectives,suchastheFuelsQualityDirective10,alsolimittheblendinglevelsofcert
40、aincomponents.Forgeneralengineoperation,durabilityandwarranty,anynewfuelorblendingcomponentcanneedavalidationsteptoconfirmthecompatibilityoftheproductwiththevehicleandthealignmentwithexhaustemission,vehicledriveabilityandfuelconsumptionrequirementsinplace.Onecanconsultoneormorevehiclemanufacturersto
41、understandthevalidation.Iftheproponentofthenewfuel(blendcomponent)desirestomoveforwardviatheconsensusprocessasdescribedbyCENRulesandasimplementedinCEN/TC19,thentheproponent,orataskforceincludingthefuelmanufacturerorproponent,bringsforwardaballotrevisiontotheactualspecificationoranewspecificationappr
42、opriateforuseofthenewfuelorblendcomponent.BecauseCENspecificationsareestablishedbasedontechnicaldata,suchdataneedstoexistbeforethespecificationprocessmovesforward.Ifsuchdatadoesnotexist,itneedstobedeveloped.Bibliography1 ASTMD975,StandardSpecificationforDieselFuel2 ASTMD4814,StandardSpecificationfor
43、AutomotiveSpark-IgnitionEngineFuel3 CEN/TR16389,Automotivefuels-ParaffinicdieselfuelandblendswithFAME-Backgroundtotheparametersrequiredandtheirrespectivelimitsanddetermination4 CEN/TR15993,Automotivefuels-Ethanol(E85)automotivefuel-Backgroundtotheparametersrequiredandtheirrespectivelimitsanddetermin
44、ation5 ElliottN.G.BlendingComponents,AdditivesandRenewableFuels-FactorsforConsiderationandAssessmentOfSuitabiIityforuse,EnergyInstitute,UKsee:https:/publishing.energyinst.org/ip-test-methodsfull-list-of-ip-test-methods-publicationsblending-componentsadditives-and-renewable-fuels-nocache6 CEN/TR15367
45、LPetroleumproducts-Guidelinesforgoodhousekeeping-Part1:Automotivedieselfuels7 CEN/TR15367-2,Petroleumproducts-Guideforgoodhousekeeping-Part2:Automotivepetrolfuels8 CEN/TR1749LAutomotivefuels-Informationonaniline,N-methylaniline,N-ethylaniline,N,Ndimethylanilineandsecondary-butylacetatewhenusedasble
46、ndingcomponentsinunleadedpetrol9 CEN/TR16435,Liquidpetroleumproducts-OxygenatesblendinginlinewithactualEN228requirements10 Directive2009/30/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof23April2009amendingDirective98/70/ECrelatingtothequalityofpetrolanddieselfuelsandamendingCouncilDirective93/12/EEC11 C
47、EN/TR16884,Automotivefuels-Dieselfuel-Coldoperabilitytestingandfuelperformancecorrelation12 CEN/TR16680,Liquidpetroleumproducts-Investigationoninternaldieselinjectorstickingdepositsmechanismsandtheimpactsofcorrosioninhibitors13 CEN/TR17548,Automotivefuels-Dieselfuelmarketissues-Abrasiveparticlesinve
48、stigationreport14 ISO2285,Rubber,vulcanizedorthermoplasticDeterminationoftensionsetunderconstantelongation,andoftensionset,elongationandcreepunderconstanttensileload15 DIN53504,TestingofrubberDeterminationoftensilestrengthatbreak,tensilestressatyield,elongationatbreakandstressvaluesinatensiletest16 CEN/TR16557,Automotivefuels-HighFAMEdieselfuelblends(BH-B30-Backgroundtotheparametersrequiredandtheirrespectivelimitsanddetermination17 NACEStandardTM0172,StandardTestMethodDeterminingCorr
