最新高一英语语法知识点总结优秀名师资料.doc

高一英语语法知识点总结:知识点 高一 英语语法 高一英语知识点归纳 高中语法知识点总结 高一英语的语法知识点 篇一:高中英语语法知识点总结 高中语法知识点总结 第一章 冠词 高考对冠词的考查集中在基本用法上，主要既反映在对泛指、特指及固定短语 冠词的考查。抽象名词、物质名词的具体化依然是高考的重点、难点。 一、不定冠词 不定冠词a，an与one同源，表示微弱的一的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的人或事物。 A用在辅音前，而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。 a university in Asia 1.表示同类中的任何一个 A cat has nine lives. 2.表示泛指的某人、某物 I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one. 3.表示数量的一 He has a daughter. 4. 表示单位数量的每一 I earn 10 dollars an hour. 5.表示相同的 The two birds are of a color. 6. 用于集体名词前 He grows up in a large family. 7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前 China has a long history. 二、定冠词的用法 1.表示特定的人或物 2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物 主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 The sun，the moon，the earth 3(表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处 1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 In spring 在春天 2) 具体某年的某个季节，需用冠词。 In the summer of the year2008 3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second 4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor 5)用于复数姓氏前，表示夫妇或全家 The Smiths 6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano 7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound 1. 用于复数名词前 复数名词泛指某类人或物时，其前通常用零冠词。 Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 复数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。 The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。 2. 用于不可数名词前 不可数名词表示泛指时，其前通常用零冠词。如: Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。 Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 不可数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。 He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。 3.用于专有名词前 在通常情况下，专有名词前要用零冠词。如: Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 在特殊情况下，若专有名词需要特指，也可加定冠词。如: The Smith youre looking for no longer lives here. 4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前 有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动，其前通常零冠词。 Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。 She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。 这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外，这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如:住院在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital，而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。 5. 用于职务及头衔前 当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时，其前通常用零冠词。如: Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。 He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为足球队队长。 6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前，通常用零冠词。 We are all interested in physics. 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。 7. 用于某些固定结构中 go to sea 去当水手at home 在家 at night 在晚上at least 至少 at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上 on foot 步行 face to face 面对面 第二章 代词 高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词(主要是其中的it)、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。 一、 it的用法 1(作人称代词 John likes playing Ping pong(/ He always does it in the afternoon(指代上下文提到的事物); /It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer(/ It's very quiet at the moment(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2(引导词 A(作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。 It's important for us to learn a second language(/ It's no use talking to him(/ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun( B(作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。 We feel it our duty to help others(/ He made it clear that he would leave the city( C(强调结构:It is (was) +被强调部分，that (或who) 注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。 It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar(where引起定从) It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there(when引起时间状语从句) It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there(that 引起强调句) 3. it，one，that 的区别:作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。 Why don't we take a little break? Didn't we just have _? A(itB(that C(one D(this The Parkers bought a new house but _will need a lot of work before they can move in( A(theyB(it C(one D(which one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。 二、 关系代词 who，whose，whom，which，that，as 1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表前面整个句子的内容，并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b) 在不定代词，如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 举例: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 3) as的用法 AS作关系代词,用来引导定语从句:限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句 AS引导限制性定语从句时,通常和such, the same, as(so)等连用,构成such.as/such as, the same.as/the same as, as(so).as等结构,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。 1.such.as/such as意为.的那种.,像那样的，such.as/such as引导限制性定语从句时,既可指人,也可指物。such用于名词之前时,具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时,具有代词性质。 Dont trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。 You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。 Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。 2.the same.as/the same as意为与.同样的,和such一样,the same既有形容词作用,又有代词性质。 We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。 比较:the same.as和the same.that不同,前者是同那一个相似,后者是正是那一个。如: This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。 This is the same watch that I lost 这正是我丢的那块表。 3.as(so).as意为和.一样,后接由many, much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词,注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as,如: Its as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。 As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。 注意:such .as与such.that ,so.as与 so.that的区别: that是连词,引出结果状语从句,在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词,引出定语从句,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。比较: He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes. It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout. 二、AS引导非限制性定语从句 AS引导非限制性定语从句时,通常指的不是主句中的某一个名词(先行词),而是指整个主句表达的内容,对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明,意为这.,如.或正如.。这种从句可位于主句之前,之中或之后。 As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. Taiwan, as we all know, belongs to China. Taiwan belongs to China, as we all know. 注意下面的习惯用法: as is well discussed 正如已讨论过的 as is often said 正如通常所说 as is often the case 通常就是这样 as has been pointed 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as often happens 如同经常所发生的那样 as might be expected正如所料 as is well known to all众所周知 在多数情况下,从句中的谓语助动词可以省略 as explained before 如前面所解释的 as mentioned above 如前面所提到的 as shown in the figure 如图所示 as seen from the table 从表中可以看出 as already discussed 正如已讨论过的 三、不定代词 一) . some 与 any 的用法 1. some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句。修饰单数名词时，意为某个。如: I have some questions about the assignment. (希望得到肯定答复)。 2. any 用于否定句和疑问句时，表示一些。用于肯定句时，只和单数名词或不可数名词连用，表示任何。如: The medicine is on sale every where. You can get it at any chemist?s. 二) . each 与 every 的用法 1. each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的每一个，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如: There are trees and flowers at each side of the road. 2. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的每一个，只能作定语，不能说 every of them ，要说 every one of them . Every student in our class works hard. 三 . no one 与 none 的用法 1. no one 意为没有人，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句。如: Who is in the classroom, No one. 2. none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为一点也不，一个也不;谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数;常与 of 连用，通常指三者以上的人或物中没有一个，回答 how much 和 how many 引导的问句。如: 篇二:高中英语语法知识点总结 高中英语知识点扫描大全涛哥 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were 【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由介词+which引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目(答案均为C): (1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _ some fruit shops. A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are (2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _ the city police station. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are (3) Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are 2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand? A. that B. which C. where D. what 【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。 【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为:有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤,这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是:句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为在附近;其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为:附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤, 3. David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like. A. that B. who C. as D. whom 【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such that 句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。 【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such that (如此以至)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such that ，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下:as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢,不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him: David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like him. A. that B. who C. as D. whom 请再做以下试题(答案选D): It was not such a good dinner _ she had promised us. A. like B. that C. which D. as 4. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. that B. it C. them D. which 【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。 【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D: (1) His house, for _ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000. A. that B. it C. them D. which (2) Ashdown forest, through _ well be driving, isnt a forest any longer. A. that B. it C. them D. which (3) This I did at nine oclock, after _ I sat reading the paper.A. that B. it C. them D. which 类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them: (4) George, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person. A. that B. him C. them D. whom (5) Her sons, both of _ work abroad, will come back home this summer. A. that B. who C. them D. whom (6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _ were still university students. A. that B. who C. them D. whom 5. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding. A. whom B. them C. which D. who 【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。 【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较: (1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that 答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。 (2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ were carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that 答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。 (3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work. A. which B. them C. what D. that 答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。 6. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。 【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题: (1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents were seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated。 (2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _ parents were seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 选A。因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。 (3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。 (4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sat together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat。 (5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents were sitting together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。 7. If the man is only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is. A. as B. which C. what D. that 【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。 【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which: (1) If you promise to go with us, _ will be OK.A. as B. which C. and it D. that (2) If you want a double room, _ will cost another ,15. A. as B. which C. what D. that (3) Whether you go or not, _ is quite all right with me.A. that B. which C. and it D. so (4) When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that 二、常 见名词考点透析 一、单、复数名词的正确使用 例 They have all sorts of course. (2006陕西高考?改错 ) 析 英语中，名词有单数、复数或不可数的形式。本题中的course是可数名词，意指课程，故应用复数形式courses。 二、仅以复数形式出现的名词 例 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000安徽春考?改错) 析 Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝语，相当于汉语的祝你年年有今日，岁岁有今朝!returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。 除这一结构外，像shake hands with (= shake sbs hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的结构，及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情况), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in ones teens / twenties, in the 1990s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give ones regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等，也都是常用或只用复数的名词式。 三、纯粹不可数名词的使用 例 Im glad you have made such a great progress that. (2006江西高考?改错) 析 在英语中，有些名词, 如advice(建议), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等，无论在什么情况下都是不可数的，所以这些词没有复数形式，也不可把其与不定冠词连用。可见，such a great progress 使用有误(须改为such great progress)。再例: She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. (2004高考福建卷?改错)由于homework为不可数名词，所以，作业再多，也无复数。 四、转义名词的考查热点 例 When you finish reading the book, you will have _ better understanding of _ life A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填 析 本题旨在考查考生对understanding和life这两个名词可数性的界定:understanding已为转义用法，life在此泛指人生，是不可数名词，故而便可正确选用冠词。 转义名词主要分为两类:?把抽象意义转化为具体意义，因而赋予其可数功能;?把具体意义的名词抽象化，从而赋予其不可数性。 转义名词一直是高考测试的热点。其考查主要出现在单项和短文改错题中。其常考热点如下: (1)抽象转具体: pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为.的人 / 物。如: The meeting is a success. (2)抽象转具体: worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指一种、一场及多种、多场时，有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months. (3)抽象转具体: a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of