多义词的翻译汉译英.ppt

沉默 Silence .,无声即沉默。沉默有各种各样,Silence is soundlessness; silence exists in different forms,这一句原文说“无声即沉默”，而译文却成了“沉默即无声”，因为英文对叙述的要求是要由一个出发点发出，不乱换视角，这样显得叙述比较清楚。英文的题目是Slience，因此下面也从silence说起，视角一致。有：指“沉默”的存在，所以说exists。既然前面说了存在，那么后面就要说以什么形式存在了，英文就是in.form。,腹中空泛，思想一片苍白，故无言可发，这是沉默。,An empty head or a blank mind which leads to speechlessness-that is silence.,中文主谓结构多，因而谓语多、动词多，仅这句里的谓语或动词就有四个。译成英文时这样的结构不可以照搬，如果译成四个英文句子，必然是句子超短，即使无奈加上数个关联词语，也会显得话很急促，不够从容。基于这个原因，译文用了名词短语，后面由that总括起来，句子结构显得比较严密。这样的结构也在下文中多次采用，使文章重心保持了与原文的一致性。,热情已如柴薪尽燃，故而冷漠处世，无喜无悲，无忧无愤，对人世的一切都失去兴趣和欲望，这也是沉默。,Enthusiasm fades like dying embers and thus leads to cynicism and indifference to life, which arouses neither happiness nor sadness, neither worries nor anger, and which costs people their interest in and desire for anything-that is silence.,这里的结构与上一句相同，原则也一样：不照搬中文的短句结构，而是要尽量发挥英文的特点，把意思译出来，译到家。以下几句采用的都是一样的做法。 embers：燃尽的柴灰，做这个意义讲时要用复数形式。 cost：使人失去，导致损失。注意interest和desire后分别用不同的介词搭配，不能只用其中的任何一个代替两个。,有过爱，有过恨，有过迷茫，有过颖悟，有过一呼百应的呐喊，有过得不到回报的呼唤，然而却守口如瓶，只是平静地冷眼看世界，这是沉默。,Despite all the experiences of love and hate, of disorientation and reorientation, of order-giving that was answered by hundreds and call-issuing that was not answered by a single soul, there is not a word uttered, but only a clam eye that watches on this world-that is also silence.,“有过”不能译成there was.，因为这里说的“爱”或“恨”，主体都是人，是说人的感情，人的感受。因此译文便用了experiences一词，指人的情感体验。六个“有过”都是指人的各种情感体验，后面的转折是想说，有的人即便有着这样丰富的体验，仍然能够心平气和，冷眼旁观。但是，话有没有说过，却是一种存在，因此便使用了there be句型。,迷茫：这里译为disorientation，意思是“迷失方向”，“不知所之”。orient是“确定方位”、“适应、熟悉”的意思。 颖悟：与“迷茫”相对，是迷茫后重新明白，所以译为reorientation。 soul：人，与person同义。 a calm eye：用部分代替整体，修辞上叫做提喻，这里用人体的一部分眼睛来代替人。,饱经忧患，阅尽人生百态，胸有千山万壑的屐痕，有江河湖海的涛声，然而却深思不语，这也是沉默。 Worries and sufferings, tastes of changes and vicissitudes of the world, footprints left in mountains and valleys and noises of rivers and oceans cherished in the heart are all but hidden unrevealed-that is still silence.,Worries and sufferings, tastes of changes and vicissitudes of the world, footprints left in mountains and valleys and noises of rivers and oceans cherished in the heart are all but hidden unrevealed-that is still silence.,饱经忧患：这里译为worries and sufferings，字面上没有体现出“饱经”，因为这两个字的意思实际上已经包含在了worries和sufferings的复数形式里面，这两个词的复数形式本身指的就是各种各样的忧虑和苦难。,阅尽：看到过，品尝过。可能指自己亲历的事，也可能指看到、听到的事，这么多的意思似乎没有一个很合适的字来表达，就用了taste，而且还用了复数，就是说不是一次，而是多次、反复。下文的“千山万壑”译成mountains and valleys也是这样的意思，用复数的形式来表示数量之多。,vicissitude：实际上与change是同义的，但这个词更具体，指世态的变迁，而不是泛指任何变化。changes和vicissitudes连用也可以起到一种意思由弱到强、由泛到具体的效果。 涛声：译文用了noises。考虑到原文的“涛声”范围比较窄，说是“涛声”，实际上连风声、雨声、海鸟的叫声等等都应当包括在里面，而noises意思更广一点，可以包括大海发出的各种声响。,一把价值连城意大利小提琴，和一只被随手削出的芦笛，不去触动它们，便都是沉默，但沉默的内涵却并不一样，即便永远不再有人去触动它们，你依然可以想象听见它们可能发出的绝然不同的鸣响,。 Either an invaluable Italian violin or a reed whistle cut out casually would remain silent if they are not played, although the connotations of their silences differ greatly. For even though they are never touched by anybody, you can still imagine the vastly different sounds they can possibly produce.,一把，一把（和一枝）：这样的结构本身就包含了“或者或者”的意思，译文里相应地也用了either.or.。 价值连城：英文里没有相应的比喻，没有用“城”这个形象来比非常贵重的东西的用法，所以只能用invaluable。再就是母语为英语的人基本上都知道，意大利小提琴是非常名贵的，用invaluable或priceless便足以表达出原文的意思了。,芦笛：这并不是一种真正的乐器，译为reed whistle。 内涵：即内在的含义，connotation，这里用复数表示这两种乐器所包含的不同内容。 凭想象听见：英文里“想象”和“听见”这两个词搁不到一起，用imagine就足够了。 另外，请注意后一句中文和英文语序的不同：中文用前置的定语，英文则更多用后置定语。,一块莹洁无暇的美玉，和一块粗糙的土砖，放在那里也都是沉默。然而谁能把它们所代表的内容划一个等号呢？,A flawless jade ornament, or a coarse, gross brick will always remain silent if it is left untouched, but who can draw an equal sign between them?,从这句开始原文的句型有了变化。不再是“，这就是沉默。”译文也就可以不受句型的限制了。 粗糙朴实：这里的“朴实”其实就是粗糙，并不是通常说的“朴实敦厚”的“朴实”。 土砖：并没有译成clay brick，因为砖本来就是土做的。 等号：就是数学上的“等号”，equal sign。,傍晚时分，孩子们在田野中央搭起了帐篷。这件事刚刚做完，他们就在篝火上烧起了饭。他们全都饿了，饭菜散发出阵阵香味。他们美美地吃了一顿饭后，就围在营火旁讲起了故事，唱起了歌。但过了一阵子。天下起雨来，于是他们扑灭了篝火，钻进了帐篷。睡袋既暖和又舒服，所以，他们都睡得很香。午夜前后，有两个孩子醒了，大声叫了起来。原来帐篷里到处都是水！他们全都跳出睡袋，跑到外面。雨下得很大，他们发现地上已经形成了一条小溪。那小溪弯弯曲曲穿过田野，然后正好从他们的帐篷底下流过去。,A Wet Night,Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelled good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!,New words and expressions 生词和短语,tent n. 帐篷 field n. 田地，田野 campfire n. 营火，篝火 creep v. 爬行 sleeping bag 睡袋 soundly adv. 香甜地 leap v. 跳跃，跳起 heavily adv. 大量地 stream n. 小溪 form v. 形成 wind v. 蜿蜒 right adv. 正好,The play may begin at any moment, I said. It may have begun already, Susan answered. I hurried to the ticket office. May I have two tickets please? I asked. Im sorry, weve sold out, the girl said. What a pity! Susan exclaimed. Just then, a man hurried to the ticket office. Can I return these two tickets? he asked. Certainly, the girl said. I went back to the ticket office at once. Could I have those two tickets please? I asked. Certainly, the girl said, but theyre for next Wednesdays performance. Do you still want them? I might as well have them, I said sadly. New words and expressions 生词和短语 hurry v. 匆忙 ticket office 售票处 pity n. 令人遗憾的事 exclaim v. 大声说 return v. 退回 sadly adv. 悲哀地，丧气地,词语的翻译,一、认真辨析词义,多义词 歧异词 同义词 反义词,多义词,1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 Lets find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Lets find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?,4. 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 Its part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. 5. 我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。 We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.,6. 请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。 Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of ones work unit. You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. 他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。 He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind.,8. 请别客气. Please dont stand on ceremony. Please dont be so polite. Please make yourself at home. Please dont bother. Please, we dont want to put you to trouble. 9. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们. He received us politely but coolly. He received us with civility but no warmth. He received us with cool politeness. He received us with polite indifference.,10. 对他这种人就是不能客气. You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him. You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. You must be tough with people like him. Dont give in easily when dealing with someone like him. 11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了. He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation, considered as politeness by the Chinese. When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, eh is only being modest like a typical Chinese. He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty.,同义词的区分,General/Specific Degree (Deep/Shallow) Coverage (wide/narrow) Abstract/Concrete,同义词,农业是国民经济的基础.（广义） 这些年来,我国的农业林业畜牧业和渔业都得到了相应的发展.（侠义） 我们要破除迷信,解放思想. 当前我们应努力克服个人主义和享乐主义各种错误思想. 他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世. （褒义） 臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉!（贬义）,二、认真选词用词,1.词汇的感情色彩 注意词义的广狭 注意词义的轻重 注意词义的褒贬 注意词义的强弱 2.词汇的文体色彩 intimate casualconsultativeformal Frozen 3.词语的搭配,美丽,美丽、好看、漂亮、中看、受看、入眼、顺眼、英俊、俊俏、俊美、绝色、冰肌玉骨、面如冠玉、花容月貌、国色天香、秀色可餐、倾国倾城等。,死亡,亡、卒、陨、崩、亡故、过世、仙逝、归西、牺牲、献身、永别、没了、完蛋、毙命、送命、暴卒、阵亡、夭折、早逝、升天、坐化、羽化、圆寂、回老家、玩儿完、粉身碎骨、溘然长逝、寿终正寝、呜呼哀哉、驾鹤西游、百年之后、三长两短、以身许国、马革裹尸、玉殒香,先交代我自己吧。我是个算命先生。我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆挂摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的。老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。 First, a few words about myself. Im a fortune-teller. Once I was a vender of sour dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-tellers stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked up her heels. My sons a rickshaw-boy.Thats who he is. We two, father and son, hang our hats at a south-facing room in the lius compound.,三、习语汉译英,习语的范围,成语: “人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。” （陈文伯） set phrases; idioms 2. 惯用语：idioms 3. 俗语: “通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语” sayings 4. 谚语: “在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。” proverbs 歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sayings 格言警句: maxim,习语的特点,习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色 习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现 习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。 第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？ 第三点对译者的要求是什么？,第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。 第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。,习语翻译的指导思想,“直译基础上的意译” 陆殿扬：“Translate literally, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.” (如果可能，就直译；否则就意译） 奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence: not only the equivalent content of message, but, in so far as possible, an equivalence of the form);,改变形式的五个条件,直译会导致意义上的错误时； 引入外来语形成语义空白（Semantic Zero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时； 形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时； 形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时； 形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。,习语汉译英的原则,形象性原则 简练性原则 不可滥用字面意义直译法 尽量少用意译法和直译加注法,习语翻译的基本方法,1. 直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不 引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色 2. 同义习语借用法: 有些习语在内容形式和色彩上都符合, 可借用 3. 意译法: 无法直译, 也无法借用时, 则意译 4. 直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法 5. 省略法: 四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时, 只需译出一部分或只译其意义, 可以不考虑重叠的部分。 6. 增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。 7. 还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。 8. 直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。 9. 粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。,直译法: 保留原习语形象(异化) 纸老虎 paper tiger 走狗 running dog 丢脸 lose face 和风细雨 as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze 槁木死灰 withered wood or cold ashes 跑了和尚跑不了庙 The monk may run away, but the temple cant run away. 竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket,剖腹藏珠 cut open your stomach to hide a pearl 外强中干 Outwardly strong but inwardly weak 礼尚往来 Courtesy requires reciprocity 前怕老虎后怕狼 Fear of the wolf in front and the tiger behind 刻骨铭心 To be engraved on ones heart and bones 引狼入室 To lead a wolf into the house,重见天日 To see the daylight again 百川归海 All rivers flow to the sea. 画饼充饥 To draw cakes to allay hunger 口蜜腹剑 To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted 声东击西 To shout in the east and strike in the west,城门失火,殃及池鱼 A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 路遥知马力,日久见人心 As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart. 初生牛犊不怕虎 New-born calves make little of tigers. 明枪易躲,暗箭难防 It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from behind.,不能直译的习语,眉飞色舞 死译：His eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing 改译：To beam with joy 粗枝大叶 With big branches and broad leaves To be crude and careless 无孔不入 To get into every hole To take advantage of every weakness 扬眉吐气 To raise the eyebrow and let out a breath To feel proud and elated,灯红酒绿 With red lights and green wine Dissipated and luxurious 纸醉金迷 With drunken paper and bewitched gold (a life of )luxury and dissipation 开门见山 To open the door and see the mountain To come straight to the point 单枪匹马 With a solitary spear and a single horse To be single-handed in doing sth.,大张旗鼓 To make a great array of flags and drums On a large and spectacular scale 海阔天空 With a vast sea and a boundless sky (To talk) at random 风雨飘摇 The wind and rain are rocking (of a situation)being unstable,2. 同义习语借用法:归化 1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致, “心有灵犀一点通”的习语, 可“自然归化” 混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled water 火上浇油 to add fuel to oil 空中楼阁 castles in the air 趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot. 沧海一粟 a drop in the ocean 复水难收 no use crying over spilt milk 狐假虎威 ass in the lions skin 养虎为患 to warm a snake in ones bosom 本末倒置 to put the cart before the horse 眼中钉,肉中刺 a thorn in the flesh 隔墙有耳 Walls have ears.,赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water 过河拆桥 kick down the ladder 格格不入 be like square pegs in round holes 乳臭未干 be wet behind the ears 魂不附体 jump out of ones skin 2)形象不同,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。 小题大做 make a mountain out of a molehill （可借用） 班门弄斧：to teach a fish to swim（可借用） 谋事在人，成事在天 Man proposes, God disposes.（不可借用）,3)不借用形象或比喻的, 可放心借用 迂回曲折 twists and turns 断断续续 off and on 涣然一心 spick and span 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens 挖空心思 to rack ones brains 针锋相对 to give tit for tat,归化？异化？你来选择,竭泽而渔 To drain a pond to catch all the fish Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 打草惊蛇 To stir up the grass and alert the snake Wake a sleeping dog 易如反掌 As easy as turning over ones hand As easy as falling off a log,掌上明珠 A pearl in the palm The apple of ones eye 守口如瓶 To keep ones mouth closed like a bottle To keep a still tongue in ones head 雪中送炭 To send charcoal in snowy weather To help a lame dog over stile 画蛇添足 To draw a snake and add feet to it To paint the lily,3. 意译法: 牺牲形象, 割舍文化因子 胸有成竹 To have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth 桃李满天下 To have students all over the world 叶公好龙 Professed love of what one really fears 东施效颦 Crude imitation with ludicrous effect 南柯一梦 A fond dream or illusory joy/fond dream 四面楚歌 To be besieged on all sides,悬梁刺股 To be extremely hard-working in ones studies 初出茅庐 At the beginning of ones career 罄竹难书 (of crimes) too numerous to mention 倾城倾国 To be extremely beautiful 辎珠必较 To haggle over every penny 毛遂自荐 To volunteer ones service,4. 直译兼意译,无亲无故 without a single relative or friend to help her out 斩草除根 pluck up the evil by the roots 风餐露宿 braving the wind and dew 贼眉鼠眼 to behave stealthily like a thief 辗转反侧 to toss and turn restlessly 跃跃欲试 eager to have a try 狼吞虎咽 to wolf sth. Down,5. 省略法,能工巧匠 skilled craftsman 称兄道弟 to call each other brothers 赤手空拳 to be bare-handed 自吹自擂 to blow ones own trumpets 心慈手软 soft-hearted 安家落户 to make ones home 抛头露面 to make ones own appearance 愁眉苦脸 to pull on a long face,长吁短叹 Sighing deeply 千真万确 Quite true 油嘴滑舌 Glib tongue 断子绝孙 Ah Q, may you die sonless. 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。 Her beauty would put the flowers to shame.,6. 增添法,树倒猢狲散 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-shelter. (meaning 慌慌张张） 借香敬佛 borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbor and burning them before Buddha for your own sake. 惊弓之鸟 A bird starteld by the mere twang of a bow-string 螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后 The mantis stalks the cicada, unaware of the oriole lurking behind itself. 风声鹤唳，草木皆兵 be scared by the sigh of the wind or the cry of the cranes, fearing ambush at every tree and tuft of grass,个人自扫门前雪， 不管他人瓦上霜。 Sweep the snow from your own front door; leave the frost on the other mans roof to thaw. Mind your own business; poke not your nose into other peoples business. 木已成舟 The wood is already made into a boat - whats done is done. 井水不犯河水 Well